فصلنامه روانشناسی سلامت
پیاپی 52 (زمستان 1403)

Headache is a common neurological problem in children and adolescents that can lead to a decrease in the quality of life. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy intervention on migraine headaches and anger rumination in female students with migraine. The research method was a pre-test-post-test experiment with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all female students with migraine in the second year of secondary school in Ardabil city in the academic year of 2023-2024, from among them, according to the criteria for entering the research and using the purposeful sampling method, 30 students with migraine were randomly selected in the experimental group (15 people) and the control group (15 people) were replaced. The experimental group received 8 90-minute sessions of positive psychotherapy (Seligman, 2002) and the control group, which was on the waiting list, received no training. Najarian's Migraine Symptom Severity Questionnaire (2006) and Sokodolski et al.'s Anger Rumination Scale (2001) was used to collect data. Data was analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis in SPSS26 software. Considering that the assumptions of normality, homogeneity of error variances, homogeneity of the regression slope between covariance variables with independent variable and equal to the variance covariance matrices were maintained: multivariate covariance analysis was used to compare the mean scores of migraine headaches and anger rumination variables in the post-test. became The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean post-test scores of the two experimental and control groups after controlling for the pre-test effects in the variables of migraine headaches (P<0.001; F=73.04, ηp2=0.73) and anger rumination (P<0.001; F=20/66, ηp2=0.44) exists. Therefore, positive psychotherapy has reduced migraine headaches and rumination of anger in female students with migraines, which indicates the positive effect of this intervention.  It can be concluded that positive psychotherapy intervention is effective in improving migraine headaches and rumination of anger in female students with migraine, and therefore, according to the research findings, positive psychotherapy can be used to reduce the problems of people with migraine. Positive psychotherapy can be done by using ways such as increasing positive experiences, teaching awareness of positive experiences, creating positive experiences through mental visualization, teaching ways to reduce negative emotions, paying conscious attention to current emotions, behaviors, attitudes, feelings and paying full attention to positive emotions and Self-negativity and accepting it without judgment lead to improvement of migraine headaches and anger rumination in students with migraine

Anxiety sensitivity is a diagnostic risk construct that has been studied and is believed to enhance the response to various types of stress. The covid-19 pandemic is a widespread stressor with significant physical and social threats, It can be said that human civilization is facing one of the most critical periods of the current century, which has challenged its existence.It can be said that human civilization is facing one of the most critical periods of the current century, which has challenged its existence The covid-19 often brings with it a wave of tension and anxiety that causes problems in people's physical and psychological health. so the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in the relationship between distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity in patients who have recovered from covid-19. The current research was conducted in terms of practical purpose and in terms of collection method in the form of a descriptive-correlation design. The statistical population of the research included all adult patients who were saved from contracting COVID-19 in Tehran in 1400 and among them 201 people were selected as a sample using available sampling method. The data were collected using the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaires of Gernevsky, Krige and Spinhaven (2001), anxiety sensitivity of Floyd, Garfield and Lasota (2005) and distress tolerance of Simmons and Gaher (2005). In the following, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The descriptive statistical indicators used are: mean, standard deviation, and on the other hand, path analysis is used to confirm or reject the research hypotheses, and PLS software was used in the statistical analysis of this research. Analysis of the findings through path analysis showed that distress tolerance has an effect on anxiety sensitivity (-0/44) and positive (0/31) and negative (-0/30) emotion cognitive regulation strategies play a mediating role in the relationship between distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity. Also, based on the coefficient of determining the results, the effect of distress tolerance on anxiety sensitivity is R2=0.209, equal to 21%, and after the presence of the mediator of cognitive emotion regulation in the second step, R2=0.427 is equal to 43%. In the explanation of this finding, it should be said that with low distress tolerance, which is able to resist negative risks with the possibility of making inconsistency adjustment decisions and effective strategies in its use. On the other hand, regulating emotions through thoughts or as inseparability is related to human life and helps people to control their emotions during and after traumatic experiences or experimental situations. According to cognitive-behavioral theory, anxiety disorders often develop when a person's fear is perceived as uncontrollable. This inhibits any new learning about one's true ability to manage anxiety and reinforces one's negative beliefs. According to the results of the research, it can be said that targeting the three components of distress tolerance and positive and negative cognitive regulation of emotion in connection with psychological treatments and aids for the anxiety sensitivity of patients who have recovered from covid-19 can be effective.

Non-suicidal self-injury refers to the intentional self-inflicted damage to the body surface without suicidal intent. This behavior is one of the major concerns of mental health professionals in the world and is also one of the disorders that needs more study. Many biological, psychological and social factors can be related to this behavior. However less attention has been paid to physical and psychological factors related to it. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate the physical and psychological correlates of non-suicidal self-injury in students. This study is fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of method. Its statistical population of this research included all the undergraduate and graduate students of the Islamic Azad University of Neyshabur branch in the academic year of 2023. A number of 200 students who were selected by convenience sampling method formed the research sample. To collect data, deliberate self-harm inventory (Gratz, 2001), body mass index, dysmorphic concerns questionnaire (Oosthuizen, Lambert & Castle, 1998) and body image shame scale (Duarte, Pinto-Gouveia, Ferreira et al., 2015) were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis and significance level of 0.05. The mean and standard deviation of the participants' age was 25.08 and 8.39. The results showed that there are significant positive relationship between dysmorphic concern and body shame and its components (externalized and internalized shame) with non-suicidal self-injury (p < 0.01), but there is no significant relationship between weight and body mass index with non-suicidal self-injury (p <0.05). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that weight, body mass index, dysmorphic concern and internal shame do not predict (p >0.05), but external shame predicts it (p <0.05). In other word, external shame alone explains 14% of the variance of non-suicidal self-injury. The results of the present study show the role and importance of psychological factors such as dysmorphic concern and body shame in non-suicidal self-injury. The psychological factors, especially external shame plays a more important role in predicting this behavior. Paying attention to this factor or perception of negative judgments about the self in the mind of others can be important in developing pathological, educational and therapeutic models. On the other hand, use of therapies that emphasize the construct of shame (compassion therapy or compassion-focused therapy) may play an important role in reducing this type of shame and subsequently reducing non-suicidal self-injury. Future researches can investigate the effectiveness of such therapeutic and educational approaches on non-suicidal self-injury.

Over the past decade, the prevalence of diabetes has increased, especially in adolescents. On the other hand, adolescents with diabetes have difficulty controlling blood sugar, and controlling diabetes and taking care of themselves during adolescence is a challenge. Self-care is a set of spontaneous activities that are consciously and consciously carried out by the patient in order to understand the conditions and factors affecting them and to adopt a positive and specific attitude towards themselves and their disease. This disease has many negative effects on the mental health and quality of life of the affected person and their family. In fact, what happens within the family and the interaction between parents and children can be a key factor in creating resilience and reducing current and future risk associated with adverse events and inappropriate conditions. By equipping itself with problem-solving skills, the family can promote the health of its members and act as a mechanism against factors that harm the health of its members. Problem solving is a conscious, rational, and purposeful activity that enables adolescents to identify various possibilities around them when faced with conflicts and controllable events and use them to make appropriate decisions and solve problems. In this regard, adolescent emotional autonomy is one of the crises of adolescence that most parents are involved with their children. In this regard, Chia-Ying Chen et al. (2020) found that high emotional autonomy is significantly associated with poor management of diabetes control. Therefore, the present study aims to answer the research question of whether social support plays a mediating role in predicting self-care based on problem-solving skills, parent-child relationships, and emotional independence? The statistical population of the study included all adolescents in Isfahan who were diagnosed with diabetes in 2017 according to clinical diagnoses. Questionnaires were purposefully distributed among 149 adolescents with diabetes. In order to collect data, the Diabetes Self-Care Questionnaire (Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities), the Standard Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (MSPSS), the Revised Social Problem-Solving Questionnaire (SPSI-R), the Parent-Child Relationship Assessment Questionnaire (PCRS), and the Stenberg and Silverberg Emotional Independence Questionnaire were used. After collecting data and analyzing them descriptively and inferentially and presenting the model using statistical software, the results obtained indicated that social support in the dimensions of family, parent-child relationship, and emotional independence, as well as problem-solving skills in the dimensions of negative, impulsive, and avoidant strategies, played a role in the self-care of adolescents with diabetes in Isfahan (p<0.05). Also, the results of the path analysis showed that social support plays a mediating role in predicting self-care based on problem-solving skills with an effect size of 0.22 and parent-child relationship with an effect size of 0.18. Explaining the present findings, it can be stated that today, the analysis of diseases is not limited to biomedical factors, and a wide network of social factors, known as social determinants of health or factors affecting health, has gained a more prominent dimension in the scope and quality of health and disease. People with stronger problem-solving skills are naturally more capable of facing everyday challenges and finding appropriate solutions to their problems. However, the presence of social support from family, friends, and society can strengthen these skills. Also, social support resulting from the parent-child relationship increases the sense of belonging and acceptance in the individual and helps the individual to implement self-care behaviors (such as healthy eating, exercise, stress management, and adherence to medical recommendations) well in their lives.

The aimed of present study was to predict the tendency toward cosmetic surgery in women applying for cosmetic surgery based on spiritual health, body appreciation, and perceived social media advertising deception. The present research design is correlational. The statistical population of this research was all the women applying for cosmetic surgery (Without medical necessity) who referred to the beauty clinics in Mashhad in the first three months of 2023, from a sample of 120 people who were selected voluntarily, and responded to questionnaires of the tendency towards cosmetic surgery and perceived social media advertising deception, spiritual well-being scale (SWBS), body appreciation scales (BAS). Data were analyzed using the Pearson coefficient and stepwise regression analysis using SPSS software. Most of the participants in the present study were between 31 and 35 years old (21.7%, 26 people) and in terms of education, 41.7% (50 people) had a Bachelor's degree. 73.3% (88 people) of the participants in this study were married and 60.8% (73 people) of them were unemployed. Also, 34.2% (41 people) of the people participating in the present study applied for cosmetic surgery of the abdomen and 33.3% (40 people) applied for cosmetic surgery of the nose. The study's results showed that the perceived social media advertising deception has a significant positive relationship (r=0.38, p<0.01), and spiritual health and body appreciation have a significant negative relationship (respectively, r=-0.32 and r=-0.40, p<0.01) with the tendency towards cosmetic surgery. By entering predictor variables, it was determined that all three variables of spiritual health (β=-0.322), body appreciation (β=-0.344), and perceived social media advertising deception (β=0.353) explain about 38% of the variance of the tendency to cosmetic surgery. Of course, the variable of perceived social media advertising deception has more weight in explaining the tendency toward cosmetic surgery. The results of the present study clarified this vital theme for researchers and experts in the mental health field, that social media play the most important role in the tendency towards cosmetic surgery. Also, mental health policymakers should be mobilized to raise the feeling of appreciation for their body and spiritual health by adopting a series of measures and trainings for young women. This  results can be useful for parents, clinicians, and mental health policymakers to understand how Internet habits, especially social media use, influence psychosocial motivations underlying the desire for cosmetic surgery. More studies are needed in Iranian populations of different cultures to better understand the trend towards cosmetic surgery and prevent cultural interventions in its incorrect promotion.

Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the chronic diseases that affects various aspects of human life in old age and causes many problems, physical disabilities and negative psychological consequences. Therefore, it is important to investigate and identify educational and therapeutic protocols to reduce psychosocial problems in elderly people. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety sensitivity, pain perception and emotion management in elderly women with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The method of the current research was, semi-experimental with pre-post-test design, two experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all elderly women with Rheumatoid Arthritis who referred to Milad Hospital`s clinical centers in Tehran (1401). 28 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of 14 people. Consent and desire to participate, 60 years and older age range, gender (female) and ability to participate in treatment sessions were the inclusion criteria for the research. Individual's lack of consent and desire to cooperate, suffering from psychiatric disorders, receiving other psychological interventions at the same time or in the last 6 months were the exclusion criteria. Acceptance and commitment therapy was implemented according to Hayes and Strossal (2013) treatment protocol. This procedure was conducted with the aim of improving the psychological conditions of participants during 8 sessions of each 90 minutes (1.5 hours). The control group, did not receive any interventions. Data were collected by Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire (Peterson and Reiss, 1992), Standard Pain Intensity Questionnaire (Quebec et al., 1995) and Emotion Regulation difficulty Questionnaire (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). In order to analyze the data, independent and paired t-tests of multivariate analysis of covariance were used by SPSS/26 statistical software. The results of the research showed that the mean score of anxiety sensitivity in the experimental group in the post-test stage had a significant difference compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the analysis of covariance showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean score of perceived pain intensity and emotional management of the two groups in the post-test stage (P<0.05). It can be said that Acceptance and Commitment therapy has reduced anxiety sensitivity and pain perception, as well as emotional management in elderly women with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The results indicated that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is effective in reducing anxiety sensitivity, pain perception and emotion management of elderly women suffering Rheumatoid Arthritis. According to the obtained results, it is suggested, professionals who involve in the field of elderly mental health should provide the necessary platform for improving the mental health of these people. which it can be done by reducing the level of anxiety sensitivity and pain perception and emotion management. The results of this research can provide practical implications for therapists to reduce the patients emotional-behavioral problems who suffer Rheumatoid Arthritis, especially in elderly women. It must be said that these therapies would be effective along with drug therapy.

Dyspepsia causes psychological problems and chronic pain in people. To solve these problems, interventions such as cognitive therapy based on mindfulness are needed. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on cognitive flexibility and chronic pain in dyspepsia patients. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up phase. The statistical population of the study included all patients up to 50 years of age diagnosed with indigestion without ulcers in the specialized and sub-specialized clinic of Besat of city of Kerman in 2022. Among them, 30 people were selected as the sample of the study by available sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 people) and control group (15 people). The people of the experimental group received cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in 8 sessions of 90 minutes in a group. The questionnaires used in this research include the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire of Dennis and Vanderwaal (2010) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (2010). 2009). The research data was analyzed by mixed analysis of variance and Benferroni post hoc test by SPSS-24 software. The results showed that the average scores of cognitive flexibility and its components, including: alternatives, control and exploitation, of people in the experimental group increased in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the pre-test. Is. Also, the average scores of chronic pain and its components, including: physical-sensual, emotional-emotional and cognitive-evaluative, of the people of the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up phase have decreased compared to the pre-test (0.001) P < ). Pairwise comparison showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages in the variables of cognitive flexibility and chronic pain and their components. This means that the cognitive therapy based on mindfulness has been able to significantly change the post-test scores and follow-up variables of cognitive flexibility and chronic pain, their components compared to the pre-test stage. Another finding of this table showed that there is no significant difference between the average scores of the post-exam stage and follow-up. This finding can be explained by the fact that the scores of variables of cognitive flexibility and chronic pain of their components in patients with dyspepsia, which had undergone a significant change in the post-test phase, were able to change this change during Keep the follow-up period. Cognitive therapy helps dyspepsia patients by changing their behaviors, feelings, attitudes and beliefs, replacing irrational beliefs and non-adaptive behaviors with realism, sense of efficacy and increased activity, thus increasing flexibility, help in cognition and reducing the intensity of pain. Cognitive therapy based on mindfulness was effective and efficient in increasing cognitive flexibility and reducing chronic pain in dyspepsia patients.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and unpredictable inflammatory disease impacting the central nervous system. Compared to adults, children with MS are known to have more relapses in the first six years after disease onset but show a better recovery. MS leads to different symptoms, such as sensory disturbances, mobility issues, and vision problems. The disabling nature of the disease cannot be reduced only to physical symptoms. Several  symptoms such as cognitive impairment, fatigue, and psychological symptoms are common features of MS . The reviewed literature suggests that, despite the lower physical disability, children and adolescents diagnosed with MS are vulnerable to cognitive impairment even in the early stage of the disease. It has been hypothesized that, in pediatric age, cognitive decline may be considered a sensitive measure of MS severity. Overall, these manifestations may cause considerable functional impairment on daily and social activities, academic achievement, and quality of life that may require individualized rehabilitative treatment and extensive psychosocial care. Given the unpredictability of the disease course and its heterogeneous features, MS has a potential impact not only on patients’ cognitive and psychological development, but it may also lead to longstanding adaptive problems involving the entire family functioning. Considering that childhood and adolescence are critical periods for appropriate educational attainment, social and personal growth, an analysis of the impact of the disease on patients is essential for an appropriate management. Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis (POMS) is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory condition of the central nervous system that typically begins before the age of 16, sometimes even before 10. Despite more frequent relapses in children, recovery tends to be better, and progression is slower. Nevertheless, due to earlier onset, the risk of disability accumulates at a younger age, impacting the child's development and life trajectory.

This study presents a systematic review of the psychological and lifestyle-related effects of POMS on children and adolescents. The aim is to synthesize findings from existing literature over the past 20 years (2003–2023) to highlight critical psychological areas affected by the disease and inform future interventions. The review also identifies the need for multidimensional, interdisciplinary approaches to improve mental health, quality of life, and disease management in young patients. A systematic literature review was conducted using both Persian and English databases and Keywords such as “Pediatric MS,” “POMS,” “Children with MS,” and “Psychological Factors in POMS” were used. Inclusion criteria required articles to be published between 2003 and 2023, written in Persian or English, and accessible in full text. Out of 88 initially identified studies, 30 were selected based on relevance and quality.

Analysis of the selected studies revealed that POMS significantly affects seven main psychological and behavioral domains such as cognitive functioning, academic performance, mood and qualitiy of life, fatigue and sleep, life style and physical activity, family dynamics and adherence to treatment. Children with POMS often display deficits in attention, memory, and executive functioning. Early cognitive reserve plays a crucial role in preserving long-term cognitive abilities. The disease correlates with declining academic outcomes, partly due to cognitive impairments and absences from school. High rates of depression and anxiety were observed. The psychological burden of POMS extends to families. Emotional support from families is crucial, yet overprotection or high parental involvement may negatively impact autonomy and psychosocial development. Successful disease management requires strong adherence to medical protocols, which is influenced by cognitive function, family support, and psychological state.

POMS is a multifaceted condition that imposes psychological, cognitive, and social challenges on children and adolescents. Given the chronic nature of the disease and its developmental timing, early diagnosis, psychological screening, and comprehensive interventions are critical. The review underscores the necessity of multidisciplinary support systems, including psychological counseling, educational interventions, and family support programs. Future research should aim to design and evaluate tailored tools and therapies that address the unique psychological needs of pediatric MS patients and improve their quality of life.

Resilience in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) is generally at a low level. Recent years have witnessed increased attention to enhancing resilience as a complementary therapeutic approach, attracting numerous research studies. However, the lack of a comprehensive review and summarization of this research gap necessitated the current study, which aims to investigate factors influencing the resilience of women with MS.

This systematic review and systematic search were conducted between October and November 2023. All relevant articles related to the resilience of Iranian women with MS in the past decade were searched in six Persian databases using keywords such as resilience, women, MS, and multiple sclerosis. Following entry and exit criteria, 18 relevant articles were included in the research.

The geographical distribution of studies covered 9 provinces, with a concentration of research in 1399 and 1401, indicating the recent importance of the resilience topic. The predominant research method was quasi-experimental, while qualitative and in-depth studies received less attention. Through the analysis of articles, resilience factors were categorized into seven groups, including mind control strategies, acceptance and compassion, mental well-being, meaning therapy, Pilates exercise, spiritual therapy, and forgiveness. The strategies for mind control include cognitive-behavioral therapies, cognitive therapies, and mindfulness. The focus of these approaches is to manage negative thoughts related to the illness and foster a positive outlook. Acceptance and compassion involve accepting and committing, showing compassion to oneself, and integrating acceptance with compassion. This approach is centered on the individual's inner world, emphasizing self-awareness, self-acceptance, and kindness towards oneself.Psychological well-being encompasses positive psychology interventions, cognitive-behavioral stress management, and stress control skill development. This approach concentrates on enhancing resilience in the psychological dimension of the illness. Meaning-centered therapy involves creating interventions for life meaning. It addresses the sense of emptiness post-illness, employing methods to bring meaning into the individual's life.Pilates exercise contributes to the improvement of both physical and mental well-being in patients. Group spiritual therapy aims to establish purpose and meaning in life, fostering a sense of the divine presence in the individual's life. Forgiveness includes strategies for dealing with challenges and illness-related problems and improving social interactions. The positive impact of resilience includes improved quality of life, adaptability, patience, tolerance, and sometimes reduction in the severity of the disease.

It is suggested that, due to the lack of research on resilience in patients in the growing Iranian society, future studies should employ diverse qualitative methods and various item analyses. One limitation of this study is the examination of resilience in women with MS. It is recommended to investigate resilience in men as well.

Weight loss and its maintenance were one of the most important goals of therapists in the field of treating chronic obesity in children due to the inadequacies of current treatments. Thus, the researchers of this study decided to test the effect of their play therapy package based on Hall and Fong's temporal self-regulation theory in this regard. By implementing a semi-experimental research design with pre-test, post-test and follow-up at 2-month intervals on a convenience sample from the population of the Iranian Health Centers-Isfahan City, including 45 parent-obese child pairs randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups, at the same time as conducting family-based behavioral intervention on both groups, members of the experimental group also received play therapy package training. By analyzing the data of children's body mass index (measured by dividing the weight measured in kilograms on a scale by the square of the height measured in meters with a stadiometer) in three sections in the form of pre-test, post-test and follow-up by one-way covariance method, significant difference between the experimental group (combined play therapy method with family-based behavioral intervention method) and the control group (only family-based behavioral intervention method) in both post-test stages (F(42,1)=2188.34, P<0.001, ŋ2=0.98) and follow-up (F(42,1)=1036.61, P<0.001, ŋ2=0.96) was observed which according to the observed strong size effect indicates the effectiveness of the combined method was much better than using the family-based behavioral intervention method alone on weight loss and maintenance. The interpretation of the results indicates the effectiveness of adding the training package designed based on Hall and Fong's temporal self-regulation theory to strengthen the three executive functions of working memory,response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility to the usual family-based behavioral intervention as the best method available in the field of reducing and maintaining weight of children. In such a way that this combined method according to restrictions set in the field of using medical treatments (including drug therapy and surgery) for children under 12 years of age, could be considered as a step in the field of designing complementary methods, which by addressing other causes of chronic obesity including the neurological causes and the psychological structures attributed to it, including the executive functions, has been able to be effective with minimal side effects on the process of treating chronic obesity. The primary step that taking other steps in the direction of improvement and expansion of the designed play therapy package was subject to its retesting and application in other societies, and in comparison, with other methods by interested researchers.