نشریه پژوهش های معماری نوین
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 14، زمستان 1403)

In recent decades, the increase in the planet’s population, the expansion of urbanization and industrial development, and the unprincipled and unlimited exploitation of natural resources have severely affected the environment, leading to serious environmental damage. The destruction of forests, air, water, and soil pollution, climate change, and the reduction of biodiversity are among the consequences of this process, which are considered a serious threat to the future of mankind and natural ecosystems. Today, this situation highlights the need to change approaches and attitudes in architecture and move towards sustainability. With the increase in environmental challenges and the need to optimize resource consumption, smart residential buildings have been proposed as an important factor for promoting sustainable architecture and preserving the environment. This article examines new solutions to achieve smart residential buildings that can reduce energy consumption, optimize natural resources, and improve the quality of life for residents. Therefore, this qualitative research, using the descriptive-analytical method and targeted library study, as well as searching for available resources in this field, has obtained important results from domestic and foreign articles, books, etc.The results of the research show that today, smart buildings play an effective role in achieving sustainable architecture and development, and thus preserving the environment. Therefore, methods such as utilizing home automation systems, implementing Internet of Things (IoT) technology, using renewable energy sources, designing green spaces and vertical gardens, developing sustainable building materials, and smart water management are proposed as the most prominent and important factors in this field.

Taleghani Street in Tehran, as one of the city's major urban axes, has witnessed numerous architectural and social transformations due to its geographical location and historical significance. Serving as an administrative and governmental hub, the street has been influenced by prevalent architectural styles and overarching governmental policies during its formation. Examining the facade transformations of the buildings along this street offers an opportunity to analyze how political, economic, and social factors have shaped the architectural identity of the urban landscape over the past century.This study aims to reassess the historical evolution of the northern facade of Taleghani Street, focusing on administrative and governmental buildings from Palestine Square to the Sepahbod Qarani intersection. It analyzes the impact of political, economic, and social factors on the facades of these buildings across three historical periods. Beyond identifying the dominant architectural styles of each period, the research also investigates the interplay between architecture and governmental policymaking.The study employs a descriptive-analytical research method, integrating historical studies with field observations. Eight prominent buildings along the northern facade of Taleghani Street were selected as case studies, and their architectural features were analyzed with an emphasis on political, economic, and social influences. Data obtained from library resources and historical documents were combined with field observations.Findings indicate that during the first Pahlavi era, nationalist policies led to the development of facades characterized by horizontal lines and the use of indigenous materials. In the second Pahlavi period, Western influences and favorable economic conditions resulted in the adoption of international architectural styles and modern construction technologies. After the Islamic Revolution, ideological policies and economic constraints led to simpler facades emphasizing local materials and functionalist design. The study highlights that building facades on Taleghani Street not only reflect architectural transformations but also serve as a medium for expressing governmental policies and socio-economic changes throughout different periods.

Energy consumption has rapidly increased over the past few decades. After the energy crisis of the 1970s and the subsequent rise in crude oil and energy prices, the focus on energy conservation has expanded. All buildings, including office buildings, contribute significantly to a substantial portion of global energy consumption, making energy performance a fundamental criterion in early-stage decision-making. Heat transfer and energy loss through openings and windows are critical concerns in all climates, particularly in cold climates, where they represent some of the weakest points of the building envelope in terms of thermal loss. Since appropriately designed openings are an effective strategy for maintaining energy inside the building, this study (a brief report) explores various window configurations that can reduce energy loss in buildings. This research examines different types of openings based on their geometry, the number of glazing layers (such as single, double, and triple glazing), the type of glass used (including reflective, energy-controlling, and smart glasses), different window frame profiles, and the insulating gases used between panes. The study aims to optimize window designs based on the number of glazing layers and their orientation in an office building located in a cold climate. In conclusion, the most efficient window type for cold climates is identified, considering the significance of solar radiation in such regions.

Marginalization is one of the important issues in the field of urban planning and architecture, and special attention must be paid to the key factors and their consequences affecting residents. These factors including the lack of educational and nurturing spaces like child- oriented spaces, security issues, livelihood and educational pressures can have far-reaching effects on residents. However, the most vulnerable and sensitive victims of social harm are children. In this regard, the exclusion of children from child-oriented spaces leads to children exoanding their energy in inappropriate environments, which can cause financial, physical, mental and even fatal losses.This research aims to identify and investigate the factors influencing the unfavorable conditions of marginalized children and explore the reasons for their deprivation due to the absence or lack of child- oriented spaces and the harmful effects it has on children now and in the future. The research also proposes solutions to improve this situation. The research is descriptive-analytical in nature, and the data was gathered through document and library collection, followed by field research, including site visits, interviews with residents, and questionnaires, utilizing the experiences of other professors and researchers and referencing examples and articles from various specialized fields. Finally, the authors' analysis and conclusions have been made. Marginalization is often associated with the confrontation of different and incompatible cultures, which leads to issues such as increased crime, drug sales, child labor, threats to the mental health of residents, and especially children. There is also an unequal and unbalanced distribution of welfare, health, and educational facilitiesthe lack of quality in urban open spaces, such as parks and children's playgrounds. By examining these factors in localities (Nayser, Islamabad, Farajah), their quantity and quality were determined and solutions were proposed to aaddress these issues.

To achieve harmony with nature, humans must conserve natural energy and resources while using them efficiently. This study primarily aims to investigate the bionic performance of termites and ants to optimize ventilation and energy consumption. Secondary objectives include examining termite and ant nests and their functional methods for creating natural ventilation, as well as their strategies for energy conservation. Termites and ants, known for building some of the most intricate subterranean nests with deep, interconnected systems, instinctively maintain stable temperatures, optimal airflow, and relative humidity throughout their nests. Their bionic behaviors serve as effective models for achieving natural ventilation and energy conservation. The research methodology is primarily analytical, involving an examination of termite and ant nests, their functional patterns, and an integration of all findings to achieve the ultimate goal of energy preservation. By gathering information from library and online sources, utilizing credible translated books and articles, and analyzing the functional mechanisms of termite and ant nests for natural ventilation, this study synthesizes and evaluates findings to derive actionable insights for optimizing ventilation and energy in architecture.The results of this research highlight how the behaviors of termites and ants in nest construction—focused on energy conservation and ventilation optimization—can serve as inspiration for developing bionic design ideas that promote harmony with nature.

Women's strolling behavior in commercial spaces, as a socio-cultural phenomenon, is influenced by various factors, including consumer culture, modern attractions, psychological security, and social interactions. Modern commercial spaces, due to their innovative architectural designs and safe environments, provide a setting for social interactions and the redefinition of women's social identity. However, the structural and psychological factors affecting this behavior have received limited comprehensive analysis. This study aims to examine the impact of consumer culture and modern attractions on women's strolling behavior in commercial spaces.To achieve this goal, the research explores questions such as "Which factors have the most significant influence on women's strolling behavior?" and "What is the role of psychological security and gender equity in enhancing women's experiences in these spaces?" A nested mixed-methods approach was employed in this study. Initially, a systematic review of primary sources was conducted to identify the relevant variables. Subsequently, the Delphi technique was used to extract and refine key components related to consumer culture and modern attractions. Finally, quantitative data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using Spearman correlation and multiple regression tests.The findings indicate that psychological security and modern attractions, with correlation coefficients of 0.865 and 0.821, respectively, have the highest impact on women's strolling behavior. Conversely, spiritual-cultural variables had the least effect on this behavior. Moreover, gender equity was identified as a crucial factor in increasing women's participation in these environments by reducing inequalities and promoting equal access. The results suggest that the design of commercial spaces should focus on enhancing security, visual appeal, and social interactions to create a more favorable experience for women.