نشریه توسعه پایدار شهری
پیاپی 18 (بهار 1404)

Problem Statement: Heritage areas in most cities of Iran, contrary to the values hidden in them, do not respond to the needs of their main residents today, and for this reason, they face the phenomenon of inefficiency and decline. The interventions carried out in the name of improvement, renovation or regeneration are also sometimes through the destruction and abandonment of valuable buildings, placing the area in the service of profit and commodification of space, unwanted displacement of people, widespread dissatisfaction of residents (people), weakening and evacuation of local communities, creating abandoned spaces and indecisiveness and occurrence of social damage have intensified this deterioration. The ups and downs of the 378-hectare heritage area of Shiraz city and the possible damages caused to it due to numerous restoration, renovation and improvement projects, contrary to the goals and policies of the previous programs, have caused the erosive process of destroying the physical and semantic values of this historical-cultural place.The present article aims to explain the factors of inefficiency and deterioration of heritage areas in the heritage area of Shiraz as a study example. In this research, in the framework of the qualitative research model and comparative approach, the required data has been collected by conducting in-depth interviews with the critics and followers of these interventions And based on thematic analysis technique, it has been coded and analyzed based on the six-step approach of Brown and Clark .Based on the findings of the research, four main drivers and motivators including commodification and gentrification, the existence of power relations and networks (conflict of interests), networked urban corruption and weak Consciousness and local (urban) identity was identified as the main factors of the deterioration of the heritage area and the inefficiency of the interventions. Finally, a causal model containing the roots and consequences of the identified drivers named nested model of deterioration and inefficiency of intervention in heritage areas was compiled and proposed.

Despite the acceptance of the necessity of achieving affordable, sustainable housing in the last twenty years and the emergence of conceptual models, frameworks, and architectural patterns, the specific form of such housing remains ambiguous. Therefore, this research, with the aim of defining an architectural pattern for affordable, sustainable housing and identifying design solutions, was conducted. The research method was a combination of descriptive and analytical methods, utilizing descriptive, exploratory, and comparative research approaches in two steps. In the first step, through content analysis, recurrent physical components in previous studies were identified and categorized into two groups based on their relationship and mutual impact. In the second step, successful case studies were analyzed based on the extracted components from the first step, and by comparing them with each other, design solutions were obtained as results. The research finding show that in conceptual frameworks and previous studies. There are nine frequent and generalizable components related to the design of affordable, sustainable housing extracted from the literature, which are also realized in successful global examples through various solutions and differences in each case. These components include the possibility of resident interaction at the neighborhood level, safety and security, public green space, functional mix, perceived/actual quality, optimal unit sizes, a mix of units with size variety, flexible design, and environmentally efficient design (energy/water focus). The identified components, both physical and functional characteristics, and implementation solutions outline an architectural pattern for housing that can guide affordable, sustainable housing designers and developers. The results indicate that in this type of housing, aimed at economic design, efforts for sustainable design to reduce living costs, eliminate dedicated parking, allocate semi-public open space and green space  to compensate for the small size of units and increase social sustainability, full compliance of the form with functionality, and sometimes choosing the simplest possible form due to the speed and ease of construction and reduced building life cycle costs, are common and repetitive solutions.

One of the most important issues in today's cities is construction violations. Due to growth of urbanization and increasing demand of the field of urban construction and housing, construction violations in the Iranian cities have increased in recent and decades years. Despite the development of urban planning laws, a large number of construction violations occur in Iranian cities every year. These violations have serious effect on the quality of urban life and urban structure. Hence, it is imperative to address the reasons for the happening of construction violations in building process. Because of the extensive range of effects and consequences of construction violations and the growing occurrence of these violations, it is essential to consider these violations in the context of economic situation in Iran. In addition, discovering the cause of building violations in this context reveal new insights to deal with construction violations more effectively. I this regard, Khorramabad city in the west of Iran has special climatic conditions. This city is facing a severe shortage of land and housing. Therefore, this city is prone to construction violations. Hence, it was selected for study. The main purpose of this research was to analyze the relationship between economic indicators and the Price (as penalty of construction violations) in the mentioned city during the years 2013 to 2014. In spite of numerous studies in this field, this subject of area has been less considered in previous studies. Data and information required by documentary methods, reviewing statistical yearbooks of Lorestan province. The amounts as penalty of construction violations during the years 2014 to 2022were extracted from the database of the municipality; as a dependent variable. The link between independent variables (economic indicators) and dependent variable was investigated using Pearson correlation and regression analysis. The Pearson coefficient demonstrates how closely quantitative variables are related linearity. Regression model also shows the collective effects of independent variables on the dependent variable. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that the indicator of the Price of construction violations in the primary and appeal commissions had a significant relationship with all economic indicators except the number of building permits. In this context, housing price index, rental price index, and maintenance and repair price index of residential units have the highest correlation with the price of construction violations at a significant level of 99% and with a coefficient above 0.90. According to the results of the research, the price of facilities paid by banks to the building and housing sector has a significant relationship and high correlation with the price of construction violations at a significant level of 99%. Based on the results of regression analysis, among 12 independent economic indicators, five indicators (average monthly rent in contracts concluded between lessor and lessee, the price of facilities paid by banks to the building and housing sector, housing price index, maintenance and repair price index of residential units and added value construction sector) have the greatest impact on construction violations in Khorramabad city. These results indicate that it is important to look at this phenomenon from economic window.

Despite the significance of place attachment for university students, due to its impacts on academic performance, emotional well-being, and interpersonal relationships, no research has yet been conducted on the relationship between the four components of place attachment (independent variable) and place satisfaction (dependent variable) within the university environment. This paper, considering a four-dimensional structure of place attachment that includes place identity, place dependence, place affect, and place social bonding, examines the variables of place attachment and place satisfaction, ultimately addressing the question of whether place attachment predicts place satisfaction. The research method employed was a quantitative survey, with a sample of 98 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Engineering at Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, among whom a standard questionnaire was distributed. To analyze the data, multiple linear regression was used to answer the research questions, and independent T-test and analysis of variance were utilized to examine the relationship between the research variables and demographic characteristics. The results indicate the predictability of place satisfaction through place attachment in the given context. Among the examined variables, place affect, place identity, and place dependence, respectively, had the most positive effects in predicting satisfaction, while place social bonding and place satisfaction showed no significant relationship. The findings of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the factors influencing students' satisfaction with the university environment.

Atrium, as a passive light absorbing solution, in addition to having positive psychological effects due to creating a connection between indoor and outdoor space, may increase the heat in the hot season of the year and increase the cooling load if there is no ventilation and shading on the glass surfaces. Therefore, the atrium should be measured with criteria and patterns of energy consumption reduction, otherwise, it will impose a significant energy load on the building. Many studies on the daylighting of atriums have been investigated and have shown that the daylighting performance of an atrium largely depends on its geometrical characteristics. The main features of atriums can be categorized into three parts: (1) skylight system (skylight height, shape, scale); (2) atrium form (well height, shape, scale); and (3) surrounding interface (corridors, windows, etc.). In this research, two important components of the atrium form and the geometry of the roof skylight have been investigated. The purpose of this study is to compare the different forms of the atrium body and its skylight roof in an educational space in order to optimize energy consumption. For this purpose, Design Builder software has been used for data simulation and analysis, as well as Energy Plus engine for calculations. In this regard, the initial model with three different plans of the atrium was simulated in the design-builder software and the optimal plan was determined according to the amount of energy consumption, and then three types of skylight roofs were added to the atrium and the amount of energy consumption in them was checked again. In this project, the dimensions of the plans are considered so that they have the same area. In the first stage of the research, three plans with the same areas with three forms of circle, square, and rectangle are simulated and the amount of energy consumption in each is obtained. At this stage, the energy analysis results obtained from three atrium forms are compared, then the most optimal form is selected in terms of energy consumption. Calculations related to energy consumption have been evaluated separately and the amount of energy consumed by equipment, lighting, heating, cooling, and the amount of energy for hot water consumption have also been determined. The results show that in different atrium plans with the same area, in the circular plan, the total energy consumption is 215.5 (MWh), and this amount is 215.9 (MWh) in the square plan and 216.77 (MWh) in the rectangular plan. Therefore, the atrium plan form with a circular plan has the best function and the rectangular form has the weakest energy efficiency. In the second step, three forms of spherical, flat, and cylindrical skylights with a height of 1.20 were simulated. The results showed that the amount of energy consumption in the building with a flat skylight is 207.1 (MWh), in the atrium with a spherical skylight is 222.83 (MWh), and in the atrium with a cylinder skylight is 215.5 (MWh). Therefore, it can be concluded that the atrium with a circular plan form and a flat skylight has a more effective energy efficiency than other forms.

Citizenship rights are a set of rights and duties that a citizen enjoys because of his residence in a country. These rights include civil, political and social rights. In order to ensure the well-being and comfort of their citizens, today's cities must be subjected to optimal urban management. One of the most important municipal management bodies is the municipalities, which must always be responsible for respecting the rights of citizens. The upcoming study was conducted with the aim of measuring the responsibility of the municipality of Isfahan District 7 in the field of respect for citizenship rights. This research is a descriptive - analytical survey in terms of its purpose, application and research method. The statistical community studied included all citizens living in the 7th District of Isfahan, according to the results of the last census of the country in 1395, their number was equal to 168,732. The sample size was determined by 384 people using the Cochran formula, and the sampling method used is also simple random. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the narrative of which was examined using the opinions of experts, its confirmation and reliability using the kronbach Alpha, and it was found that the alpha coefficient for all the factors studied was at an acceptable level. The questionnaire data was analyzed in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics and through SPSS software. In the descriptive statistics section, the characteristics of respondents and in the inferential statistics section, the status of the quadruple factors and subgroup indicators of these factors were examined using the statistical tests of the T-sample and Friedman. The results and findings of this study showed that the level of responsibility of the municipality of District 7 of Isfahan in the field of respect for citizenship rights in the areas (environmental rights, economic rights and social – cultural rights) was less than the average level and in the area (right to access urban services and facilities) was more than the average level. The literacy and education, leisure and quality indicators of municipal services also had the highest scores, respectively, and indicators of early welfare, individual freedom, and low unemployment rates, respectively, with the lowest scores by respondents.