International Journal of Nano Dimension
Volume:16 Issue: 2, Spring 2025

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a primary liver cancer with a high mortality rate worldwide. The limited efficacyand adverse effects of conventional chemotherapy have driven the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches,including Nano medicine-based anticancer agents. In this study, the best molecule was identified basedon molecular-level interaction studies with the three anticancer pathway proteins. The best molecule wasencapsulated with polymer and lipid to form nanoparticles and In vitro Hepatocellular carcinoma studieswere performed to measure the activity. The interaction analysis revealed that Rutin binds effectively withall three proteins: folate receptor (5IZQ), vascular endothelial growth factor (5ABD), and CD44 (4PZ3),exhibiting binding energies of -44.5015 kcal/mol, -46.8331 kcal/mol, and -42.6949 kcal/mol, respectively.These results indicate that Rutin demonstrates stronger binding affinity compared to other anticancer agentsby computation studies. In the formulation, Rutin-formed lipid nanoparticles exhibited higher encapsulationefficacy and drug-loading efficiency compared to polymeric nanoparticles. Dissolution studies of rutin-loadedlipid nanoparticles reveal a gradual release profile, reaching approximately 99% over 6 hours. This sustainedrelease ensures extended drug activity within the tumor environment, improving therapeutic effectiveness. Invitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that Rutin-lipid nanoparticles had superior anticancer efficacy, with anIC50 value of 80.45±0.05μg/mL, compared to 120.45±0.05μg/mL for Rutin-polymeric nanoparticlesagainst the Hep3B cell lines. Similarly, Fluorescence-based screening studies further confirmed the remarkableanti-cancer potential of Rutin-lipid nanoparticles, primarily by inducing apoptosis in Hep3B cells. Thesefindings suggest that Rutin-lipid nanoparticles hold promise nano-formulations for targeting Hepatocellularcarcinoma.

Transformers are essential in an electrical power system, and their efficiency and reliability are vital. Thecooling and insulating properties of the fluids used in them are able to influence the performance of transform-ers drastically. The acceleration of Titanium Oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in thermal and dielectric propertiessuggests promising advantages as a fashionable ingredient for the enhancement in characteristics of oil-basefluids to provide new-generation transformer oils. This study involves the production of TiO2nanoparticlesthrough the sol-gel method. The synthesized TiO2nanoparticles have been characterized using XRD andSEM analysis. The produced nanoparticles are introduced into base fluids using two-step process. Thetransformer oil is selected as base fluid, to investigate the thermophysical and dielectric properties at differentconcentrations typically 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55 wt.% of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with averageparticle diameter 37 nm. Additionally, assessments are performed on the thermal conductivity, density, anddielectric values of transformer oil. The improvement of 36.84% at 2.5 mm and 36.36% at 4 mm electrodegap, respectively, in Breakdown Voltage (BDV) was identified when using TiO2concentration at 0.45 wt%concentration. The maximum thermal conductivity enhancement shown at 0.55 wt% is 23.41%.

Gd3Ga5O12(GGG) nanoparticles with an average size around 50 nm were synthesized via citrate sol-gelmethod. Rietveld refinement confirmed the formation of a single-phase garnet structure. The optical propertiescharacterized by UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra, exhibited bands centered at 300 nm and436 nm, respectively. Magnetic measurements revealed paramagnetic behaviour above 15 K, as evidenced bythe modified Curie-Weiss fitting with an effective magnetic moment of 13.86μB per formula unit (F. U.).Arrott plots confirmed a second-order nature of the magnetic phase transition. Notably, the GGG nanoparticlesdisplayed a significant magnetocaloric effect (MCE), with a maximum magnetic entropy change (-∆SM) of14.2 Jkg−1K−1at 3.5 K under a 5 T field. These findings highlight the potential of GGG nanoparticles asrefrigerants for low temperature magnetic refrigeration applications.

In this research, we present an effective method for synthesizing new derivatives of ethyl cyanoacetate throughbase-free Knoevenagel condensation using ellagic acid-bonded magnetic nanoparticles (nano-Fe3O4@EA) asa catalyst. This method offers several advantages, including high yield, short reaction time, and simplicity,making it an attractive and efficient option in the emerging field of Knoevenagel condensation.

This paper introduces a nanotube heterojunctionless tunneling field-effect transistor (NT-HJLTFET) thatcombines core-shell gate technology with a Ga0.8In0.2As/Ga0.85In0.15Sb heterojunction to enhance deviceperformance. The NT-HJLTFET achieves anION/IOF Fratio of 9.84×1013, an average subthreshold slope(SS) of 9.4 mV/dec,IONof 6.4 mA, transconductance (gm) of 17.5 mS, and unit gain cutoff frequency (fT) of42.7 THz. These results represent a significant improvement in performance, including a nearly two orders ofmagnitude increase inION,gm, andfTcompared to silicon-based nanotube junctionless tunneling field-effecttransistor (NT-JLTFET). The NT-HJLTFET also exhibits a five orders of magnitude enhancement inION/IOF Fand a 76% improvement in SS. Additionally, the presence of defects is shown to decreasefT, impacting thedevice’s high-frequency response. These findings suggest that the NT-HJLTFET is a promising candidate foruse in both digital and analog applications in integrated circuits.

Mitigating petroleum pollutants from wastewater is a critical concern in environmental engineering. Variousmethods are employed for the removal of these pollutants from wastewater. This research focused ondeveloping adsorbents for the absorption of PAHs from nanocomposites and natural and synthetic materials.Polypropylene fiber-titanium dioxide (PPTO) nanocomposite, graphene oxide-chitosan-bentonite (GOCB)Nano-absorbent, Straw (ST), and a combination of these adsorbents (CB) Nano-absorbents were employed toremove oil pollutants. The experiments were conducted under different acidity levels, varying concentrationsof effluent and absorbent, and other retention times. FTIR, SEM, XRD, and GC tests were performed todetermine the absorption rate. The results demonstrated that the PPRO nanocomposite and the combinationof adsorbents and exhibited the highest removal efficiency, achieving a remarkable 97% removal of petroleumhydrocarbons at a concentration of 10 mg/L. Among the other groups, Straw demonstrated a high absorptionrate of 93%, while GOCB showed the lowest rate of 80%. Furthermore, the study identified pH 10 as optimalfor PPTO and ST, whereas GOCB performed best at pH 3. Augmenting the adsorbent dosage improvedpollutant removal; however, surpassing the optimal level did not result in further enhancements. Thesefindings highlight the potential of the PPTO nanocomposite as a promising solution for eliminating petroleumhydrocarbons from oil-contaminated water, thus contributing to developing effective strategies for addressingoil pollution in aquatic environments.

This study focuses on synthesizing aluminium oxide nanoparticles using aluminium chloride and investigatestheir potential for removing cadmium from wastewater. The synthesized nanoparticles were thoroughly char-acterized to determine their structural and luminescence properties. The results indicate that the nanoparticlespossess a crystalline structure and exhibit luminescence behaviour in the visible region. X-ray diffractionanalysis confirmed the formation of rhombohedral aluminium oxide nanoparticles. The XRD pattern revealedthe (012), (104), (006), (202), (024), (116), and (300) peaks of Al2O3nanoparticles with crystallite sizesranging from 46-68 nm. Moreover, UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis revealed a significant increase inabsorption intensity when aluminium oxide nanoparticles were introduced, demonstrating their effectivenessas an adsorbent for cadmium removal from wastewater. Aluminium chloride yielded superior results insynthesizing aluminium oxide nanoparticles.

Rheumatoid arthritis damages the synovial membrane, and diflunisal, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAID) with poor solubility, faces delivery challenges. nanosponges enhance diflunisals solubility improvingits bioavailability; in addition it improved its stability and controls its release. Current research focuses ondeveloping polymeric nanosponges (DIF-NS) through emulsion solvent evaporation, optimized by centralcomposite design. The optimized DIF-NS were further loaded into a carbopol 940 gel (DIF-NS-gel) andevaluated. The optimized BNS showed spherical morphology, % CDR (Percentage cumulative drug release)of 84.9±1.6 within 12 hours and % entrapment efficiency of 82.45 %±1.2, a % practical yield of 75%±2.2 with a particle size of 120.1±8.5 nm, zeta potential -29±3.2 mv, and a PDI of 0.348±0.015.The drug excipient compatibility study was carried out by using FTIR. The sharp peak obtained in the DSCand XRD proves the drug’s crystalline nature. The DIF-NS-gel exhibited sustained release and enhancedex-vivo permeation compared to plain diflunisal gel. In a CFA-induced rheumatoid arthritis rabbit model,it significantly reduced inflammation for a prolonged duration. These findings highlight its potential foreffective long-term rheumatoid arthritis management.