نشریه پژوهش زبان و ادبیات فارسی
سال بیست و دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 74، پاییز 1403)

Dragon slaying is one of the special acts of a warrior to prove his valor, and in Iranian epic poems, many warriors go to battle with the dragon and kill him. This action can be analyzed based on different points of view. This research analyzes the aforementioned action based on Dumzil's point of view in the writing "Gods of Action" and shows that Rostam and Esfandiar's dragon killing has outstanding features, especially in their Haft Khans. The first feature of both stories is the metamorphosis of the dragon myth. In Haft Khane Rostam, the dragon is no longer the well-known snake-like creature, but a demon who acts like a dragon; It means that the existence and life of the Shah of Iran and the soldiers are imprisoned in the darkness of death and the warrior must leave it. In Haft Khan, Esfandiar is forced to go through seven difficult trials to free "woman", which is the symbol and symbol of fertility and pure existence, so that he can free them from the clutches of the dragon. And he brought fertility and blessings with him. Finally, it can be said that the warrior destroys the dragon by passing through Haft Khan, and this action of his becomes the creator of fertility and manna of existence and living.

The function of the We-Narrative with the element of perspective in storytelling can take various forms. One of these functions occurs when the story employs two or more points of view for narration, and one of them is presented by the We-narrator. In this case, authenticating one of these points of view is not straightforward. In fact, the intermittent position mentioned requires a pattern to differentiate collective narration as the narrative action of the We-narrator from non-collective narration, which is the product of another story's point of view. The present research aims to address this situation using an inferential method and by utilizing selected narratives from the corpus of Persian fictional literature. The result of such a study, which examines narratives through story and discursive elements, introduces four factors as indicators of the problem under consideration. These indicators, which pertain to the formal and content aspects of the narratives, demonstrate that the story requires extensive representation of the We-narrator to be perceived as collective. The collective narrator presenters must prioritize the other elements of storytelling, align with the central thematic issue, and reflect coherence in their agency.

Examining the historical and social contexts of the works means deepening more about the contexts and times in which the author's thoughts reach the intersection of the three axes of history, situation and individuality to adopt approaches and prefer and emerge his thoughts. In addition to a better and more accurate understanding, this causes the problem of the possible conflict of the author's words in his various works to be resolved. In this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, by examining the context and era of the life of Mrs. Amin Esfahani from the perspective of historical research, a trajectory of Mrs. In addition to clarifying the connection between Amin's actions and works with the social situation of his time, this issue also clarifies the errors in his biographies regarding the relationship of some of his actions and works with social events. Adapting the life course of Mrs. Amin to the social events of her era leads to the accurate historical drawing of her actions and works. In addition to the stages of his intellectual life in stages: from receiving ijtihad permits to social concern in the face of the widespread social poverty crisis, and after that to the need for intellectual growth in the face of social changes, then emphasizing the education of women In the form of establishing schools and finally writing a book on the interpretation of the Qur'an with the aim of educating the general public.

Although in our ancient terminology, wisdom is divided into two parts, practical and theoretical, and its main purpose is to promote the appropriate moral way and method by relying on intellectual sciences for social and individual life, besides these two, folk wisdom which often shows itself in proverbs, has mysteriously strengthened its position among the strata of different societies. This wisdom, which is accepted by the general public, has a major difference from practical and theoretical wisdom in one aspect, that is, the intellectual dimension. Since the construction and cultivation of folk wisdom is formed in the hearts of the common people of the society, it often does not have a strong intellectual basis. due to its extensive use over time, it has gained the ability to generalize and include. The cases of application of these pearls of wisdom in a comparative study in the two books "Travel of Ibrahim Bey" and "The Story of Haji Babai Isfahani" which are among the first Persian novels, can give us an image of the Iranian's morals so that we can learn more about our strengths and weaknesses.

Character and characterization are two main and influential elements in stories and novels. Without this important element, a story cannot be formed. In fact, character and characterization constitute the main body of any story; in such a way that the writer achieves the creation of lasting characters through creativity, skill, coherent design, and instilling the desired actions and behavior in the characters. The novel "The Prophet Without Miracles" by Mohammad Ali Rukni is a novel in which the main character, after going through a path and journey, both objective and personal, and ultimately reaching a new perception, returns to the people; a behavior that is not possible in the corners of rooms and requires cutting off all the boasting. The present study, using an analytical-descriptive approach, seeks to examine the characterization in this novel. "The Prophet Without Miracles" tells the story of a missionary journey of a cleric, who happens to be accompanied by his wife, to a remote area. The couple in the story get caught by evildoers halfway through the journey, and this catch is the beginning of a thrilling adventure. The results show that this novel is one of the novels of character; because its story revolves around the main character. Also, most of its main characters have dynamic personalities, and at the end of the story, each of them undergoes some kind of internal change and transformation.

literary works reflect the realities and traditions governing human societies Because common custom affects the author's style and the audience learns the realities and social interactions of certain periods by reading them. Iranian society witnessed rapid changes in the middle of the 20th century writers created many different works; Meanwhile, Daneshvar's realist works had a deep impact on Iran's literary atmosphere. In the early 20th century, Shun, a contemporary Chinese writer, created wonderful works with rich and enlightening interpretations in the fields of novels, short stories, essays, literary criticism, and translation. Even though "Daneshvar" and "Lo Shun" grew up in two different cultures, in two different countries, the comparison of their two realistic works shows many similarities in criticizing the realities of the society of their time. In this article, two urban short stories such as Behesht by Daneshvar and Nemat by Shun have been investigated and their inevitable similarities and differences have been investigated in terms of some story elements.; For example, the main characters of both stories are from the vulnerable and suffering stratum of society, whose life events form the main chain of the story, by expressing the events of their lives and their situation, the problems, anomalies, and realities that govern the society. It is criticized. The orientation towards social issues the attention to the lives of the people of the society and the lower classes and identification with the main characters are among the similarities between the two works.