مجله پژوهش های اخلاقی
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 60، تابستان 1404)

In the realm of the Islamic world, rare religious masterpieces and spiritual teachings have been created, one of which is the Nahj al-Balagha of Imam Ali (AS), which includes the highest and deepest words, meanings and wisdom after the holy book of the Holy Quran. The last part of this valuable book is the aphorisms or wisdom of Nahj al-Balagheh. In this article, we have tried to introduce and explore the values and anti-values by using the analytical method. Principles such as: justice, seeking justice, observing fairness, equality, moderation and moderation, contentment, the importance of prayer, the importance of knowledge, piety, consultation, forgiveness, humility, remembrance of death, etc. are among the most important values and cases such as: wonder and Arrogance, cruelty, avarice, impetuousness, greed, suffering from the world, stubbornness, conflict with the truth, despair, friendship with the ignorant, friendship with the miser, lust, etc.

The process of social evolution and progress and the speed of this evolution depend on many variables, one of which is technology. Some believe that technological advances are changing many aspects of daily life. At present, in many developing countries, including our country, Iran, organizations are showing a great desire to use and use these information technologies. Given that in the future, no factor such as information technology will be able to change the design of organizations. Research in this field will be necessary, so the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of technology introduction on administrative bureaucracies. The statistical population in a small stage includes all employees of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, whose number is 800 people. The sampling method in this study is available. There are 260 people using the Cochran's formula. Also, to evaluate the variables and measure them in the field, a researcher-made questionnaire has been used. 48.866 and path coefficient of 0.91 have a significant effect and the introduction of technology has a significant effect on research strategies in the staff of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance with test statistics of 2.933 and path coefficient of 0.408 and research intervention factors on research strategies in employees of Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance with test statistics of 3.596 The path coefficient has a significant effect of 0.470 and the research factors have a significant effect on research strategies in the staff of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance with Azman statistics of 4.253 and the path coefficient of 0.556. Finally, the introduction of technology on administrative bureaucracy And the path coefficient of 0.843 has a significant effect.

The literary school of naturalism was founded in France at the end of the 19th century by Emile Zola. This school considers human behavior and thoughts as arising from natural tendencies and internal instincts and emphasizes on hereditary, environmental, momentary aspects and viewing human life far from idealism. Naturalism entered Iranian literature through translation and influenced some contemporary Iranian writers, including Gholamhossein Saedi. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the components of naturalism in the novel "Top" by Gholamhossein Saedi and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The results indicated that among the components of naturalism, paying attention to the science of physiology, breaking the false sanctity of words, depicting poverty and filth, using colloquial language, examining humans as animals, and paying attention to details have a high frequency in the novel Top. Reasons such as the author's style and the political and social atmosphere that prevailed in the 30s and 40s are the main reasons for the frequency of these components.

The recreation of past characters is one of the important issues that have been the concern of contemporary writers and have been widely reflected in their works. Contemporary Persian literature has entered into a serious conversation with classical Iranian literature and has taken full advantage of its advantages such as dynamism and liveliness, emotional richness, depth of meaning, linguistic harmony and proportion, and some of its attributes - especially poetry after the 8th century - has put it aside. The contemporary poet expresses his opinions and thoughts on many issues through the call of past characters; In this essay, an attempt is made to analyze and investigate the role and position of historical figures and the quality and method of re-creation by mentioning the examples of character appeal in the poems of Ahmed Shamlou, Mehdi Akhwan Al-Talihi and Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kodkani. The results of this research show that creating original works is not a contradictory situation. On the one hand, the writer and poet do not consider themselves without the privileges of literary traditions, and on the other hand, they try to get rid of their authority and influence. Therefore, creative poets are not attracted or intimidated by prominent figures and their works, but establish a logical relationship with tradition.

Analyzing the basis and nature of permanent marriage from a jurisprudential, legal and ethical point of view has scientific and practical importance and fruits. Determining the necessity of the nature of the contract and the effect of the condition contrary to it, the right to imprison the wife, support, alimony, the death of the spouse during the period and the role of the dowry in a permanent marriage depend on the recognition of the nature of this contract However, the civil law or other special laws do not have regulations on the nature of permanent marriage. From the analysis and analysis of jurisprudential and legal opinions and paying attention to the moral and spiritual dimension of permanent marriage, two basic approaches regarding the nature of permanent marriage can be obtained. The first approach considers the nature of permanent marriage to be exchange and the second approach considers its nature to be non-compensatory However, jurists and jurists have also differed in presenting opinions based on these two approaches and have chosen different bases and interpretations. In this article, with analytical-descriptive method, Moral foundations and jurisprudential fatwas and legal doctrines have been described, explained and analyzed in this field, and finally, the theory of Mukhtar or the desired analysis has been presented. The findings of this research will reveal that permanent marriage is a non-reciprocal contract with binding rules and conditions.

The purpose of this article is to determine the components and indicators of human perfection from the perspective of the Amir of the Faithful in the great book of Nahj al-Balagheh, and in the sermon of the pious (Parsayyan), which is also known as the sermon of the Hammam, the Prophet mentioned such components as obedience to the Almighty God, truthfulness, honesty, Moderation, humility, turning a blind eye to the forbidden, devoting oneself to useful knowledge, the greatness of the creator, fearing effort, having low expectations, asceticism and worship, as well as perseverance and piety, foresight in hardships, halal sustenance and doing righteous deeds are among them. The attributes of human perfection are the status of pious people. In this article, we have tried to explain the stages of human progress towards human perfection from the perspective of Amir Momenan in the sermon of the pious.

This study examines the position of the divine law (Shari’ah) as the foundation for the formation of ethics in the works of Khwaja Abdullah Ansari. Given the importance and necessity of the issue, ethics in the individual and social lives of individuals are among the key topics in Islamic mysticism, and its correct understanding can help strengthen mystical conduct. The main question of this study is how Khwaja Abdullah Ansari addressed the relationship between Sharia and ethics, and what effect does this relationship have on mystical conduct? To answer this question, the method of text analysis and explanation of mystical concepts in Khwaja’s works has been used. The results of this study show that Khwaja Abdullah Ansari emphasizes the three main elements of knowledge of Sharia, persistence in giving good deeds, and patience to achieve good character, and believes that only with a correct understanding of Sharia and good deeds can one approach divine truth. He also introduces the concepts of knowledge of the truth, purification of thought, and good conduct as the foundations of mystical conduct. Finally, this research shows that practicing the laws of Sharia and good ethics is not only effective in individual behavior but also leads to the realization of a healthy and transcendent society.

The existence of different dimensions of corruption in different areas of governance in any society is an unavoidable fact that governments are trying to prevent its spread. One of the important manifestations and indicators of corruption in political societies, especially in societies that are not developed or are developing, is the concept of "rent and rent-seeking". Rent-seeking every day It shows its wide and diverse form. People who turn to such behavior and actions are victims of the conditions in which they have lived and are caught in a social trap. The most important factors that can be considered as the basis of behaviors mixed with corruption are: economic bottlenecks, dimming of human values. , the tightening of unnecessary rules and regulations and the expansion of the spirit of human indulgence that causes others to play inside slow In our legal system, due to the dependence of legal rules on Islamic Sharia, it is very necessary to examine the nature of rent-seeking in jurisprudence. It is spread and propagated in different parts of the society and plays a very important role in distorting justice and the significant expansion of all types of corruption. In jurisprudential sources, the term rent-seeking is not mentioned in this sense, but under general headings such as the need for justice and negation of discrimination, the sanctity of all wealth, and illegal possession of the treasury, and specific headings such as hoarding and bribery, owners and examples. It has been shown that the nature of rent-seeking and the conditions of its sanctity can be clarified in the foundations and sources of jurisprudence. In the present research, like most researches in the field of humanities, it is analytical-descriptive with library tools, with the aim of knowing the phenomenon of rent-seeking and the conflict of its moral indicators, whose manifestations can be seen in the country both in the private sector and in the public sector. is, has been used.

With the development of accounting affairs of private and public companies, the use of artificial intelligence seems to be a must, in order to reduce the amount of activities and extract more transparent and accurate financial information. In this regard, the use of artificial intelligence seems necessary for the accountant community. Which requires acceptance of artificial intelligence in accountants. The purpose of the present study is to provide a model of socialization of artificial intelligence technologies in accounting with the foundation data approach. The method of the present study is based on the foundational data approach and semi-structured interviews. In this regard, 12 people from engineers educated in artificial intelligence, board members, financial managers, accountants and auditors have been interviewed until reaching theoretical saturation. The results of secondary coding were classified into 11 main categories and 35 sub-categories and into 6 categories of causal, central, strategies, interveners, actions and consequences. The results showed that for the socialization of artificial intelligence in the field of accounting, there are some basic infrastructures and technologies that can help in this matter. Also, accountants can play an important role in the effective use of artificial intelligence by providing relevant financial information to financial stakeholders and supporting financial information.

John Rawls made changes in his ideas throughout his work for more than half a century, and for this reason there are changes in his works, and even many of his later works are considered a revolution against their predecessors. But there is a major shift he made from his largest book (A Theory of Justice) to his book (Political Liberalism) to the extent that the two books are considered two different stages in the intellectual life of John Rawls. Since John Rawls was in the process of solving the basic problems in societies, the reason he relied on was practical reason (or practical wisdom). Therefore, the change that occurred in his thought was a shift in the practical mind and not the theoretical mind. Since the main topic of Jean Rawls's work is distributive justice. The latter is the subject of the public institutions that make up public law, so every change regarding this subject (distributive justice) is considered a change in the concept of public law. Based on this change, this article identifies practical wisdom and public rights in the thought of John Rawls.

Gilbert considers the essence and essence of compassion to be a fundamental kindness with a deep awareness of one's own and other beings' suffering and a desire and effort to alleviate it. For this reason, the current study was formed with the aim of examining the elements of "compassion" by Paul Gilbert in the book of poetry "A child named Shadi" by Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kodkani. This research deals with the subject of compassion in the book of a child called Shadi based on the components of Gilbert's psychology in a descriptive and analytical way. The analysis of this poetry book shows that the concepts related to compassion from the perspective of Gilbert's opinions and psychological theories have a significant place in this important work. In other words, Gilbert's twelve dimensions and subsets of Shafqat can be adapted to most of Shafii Kodkani's poems, and considering Shafii Kodkani's contemporaneity with Gilbert, there are many semantic commonalities in Shafii Kodkani's system that are worthy of further reflection and investigation. This issue indicates the cultural and literary richness and psychology of contemporary poets, which unfortunately has not been given much attention, and instead, today's western science and advanced psychology support these theories..

In this period, Lahijan passed one of its brilliant periods and Lahijani scientists in the Safavid era took advantage of the favorable atmosphere of this era, boasted and were able to make important impacts in various scientific fields on the Islamic culture and civilization of the Safavid era. The results of this research show that among the sciences, according to the dominant Shiite worldview and horizon of thought in the Safavid era, many Lahijan scholars have grown and mastered the science of theology. Even some of these celebrities were doctors or politicians and even poets In addition to their expertise, they belonged to theological topics and had made significant works in this field. Some of these elders even had a direct hand in the affairs of politics. Politically, the situation of Lahijan during the Safavid era made possible the main fields for the cultivation of cultural, scientific, religious figures, etc. Fields such as jurisprudence, logic, philosophy and theology among the theological sciences, fields such as medicine, astronomy and mathematics as well as political knowledge and of course poetry and literature were among the most important cultural and civilizational bases that Lahiji scholars in this era. They boasted in its horizon and their name became famous in Iran.

The purpose of this research is to investigate and explain the practice of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) in expressing examples of the verses of resurrection. The importance and necessity of knowing the life and life of the innocents (peace be upon them) is one of the most important topics in the Islamic religion. In the traditions, a person who dies without knowing the Imam of his time is called the death of ignorance. Therefore, knowing and applying the way of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) is of great importance. This research is of a descriptive and analytical type and has been carried out by the library method and the study of Quranic verses, hadiths, books, interpretations, etc. Since the religious life of the imams (peace be upon them) are explained in three parts: monotheism, prophethood and resurrection, the present research has dealt with the aspect of resurrection. A brief look at the verses of the Quran shows that among the doctrinal issues after monotheism, the most important issue is resurrection, belief in life after death, accountability of servants, rewards and deeds. In the discussion of the resurrection, the Prophet used the Qur'anic verses to argue against the naysayers of the resurrection and answered the naysayers with the verses that were revealed in the same context. The ways that the Qur'an has presented to prove the possibility of resurrection in the form of logical reasoning can be summarized in six topics: 1- The first creation; 2- God's absolute power; 3- Frequent death and life in the world of plants; 4- Fetal development; 5- energy return; 6- Concrete examples of resurrection.

Simin Behbahani, a teacher, writer, poet, and contemporary lyricist, was a member of the Iranian Writers' Association. One of the most significant issues reflected in Behbahani's poetry is the depiction of women's issues and the adverse mental and emotional conditions resulting from their unfavorable situations. Behbahani is a social poet who employs specific symbols to present unique ideas, situating her style within the realm of realism. Her poetry reveals profound human experiences, both bitter and sweet, in solidarity with women, and she attributes the root of moral corruption and prostitution to pain and suffering. Women in Behbahani's poems have diverse faces and manifestations. This article, conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to explore Behbahani's descriptions of prostitutes in her poems. The findings of the research indicate that Behbahani is one of those poets who vividly expresses her maternal and emotional sympathy for prostitutes in her poetry, thereby raising awareness among her readers about the plight of these women. Behbahani's perspective on the issues faced by prostitutes is realistic and comprehensive. She strives to depict the inner lives of these women, their problems, cries, and emotions. Through her poetic empathy towards prostitutes, she seeks solutions to this social problem, advocating for a complete understanding of women's existence and the burdens and challenges they face. Behbahani aims to clarify the reasons behind the weakness and occasional despair that lead women to prostitution, ultimately recommending hope and divine and spiritual optimism.

This research examines the role and influence of instrumentalism theories and moral theories in Iranian criminal law. In this research, the relationship between ethical theories such as dutyism, virtueism and utilitarianism with the principles and foundations of Iranian criminal law is analyzed. The current research shows that Iran's criminal law, especially in the topics of criminalization, criminal responsibility and punishment, is widely influenced by these theories. The research results indicate that the integration of moral principles with criminal law in Iran has led to a complex and flexible legal system that uses different approaches at the same time. Also, this research offers suggestions for improving and developing Iran's legal system through more effective application of ethical theories.

Attar Nishabouri's views and moral words in Persian poetry and prose are valuable and worthy of more reflection and research. Attar has been concerned about paying attention to good morals and warning and forbidding vices. The ethical and human-building topics in educational and mystical literature are narrated throughout Attar's poems. Mukhtarnameh, according to Attar's division and poetic themes and the order of his masnavis, has fifty chapters. By using literary arrays with moral themes, Attar has been able to convey these educational teachings correctly. The author of this research analyzed the literary arrays with moral themes in Atar Neishabouri's Mukhtarnameh and showed this to the audience by bringing evidence from the Mukhtarnameh's poems. From the details of Sufi ethics, Attar has constantly pointed out such thought-provoking behaviors as vegetarianism and contentment with bread crumbs.

Climate change means a change in the average temperature of the earth, which entails many risks, including the rise of sea levels, changes in precipitation patterns, a decrease in soil fertility, etc. This research was carried out by analytical-descriptive method and analyzed the effect of climate change on the economic approach of international law. As a result, the first effect of climate change was the formation of international conferences and finally the establishment of international law documents in a way that obliges countries to adopt policies that prevent climate change. In the first place, these obligations may have negative economic effects that countries choose this way due to ease and impose restrictions on businesses. But there is a need to seriously support some businesses with the aim of turning negative economic effects into positive ones and create employment in this field without distorting the international obligations of countries. Countries should strengthen knowledge-based companies in this field in order to deal with the changes in the climate pattern in order to add value in some issues. The judiciary has used its powers and while identifying the crimes in this area more precisely, punish the offenders in a deterrent manner. The executive branch should also adopt its policies in such a way that businesses in the field of dealing with climate change can be justified. In this way, in addition to the international commitments of the countries, no negative effects have occurred and at the same time, with the strengthening of the economy, we can witness the economic benefits of this area.

Love and family as the foundation of human relations express the moral values necessary for society. In the second half of the 19th century, the decline of the family was emerging in Russia. Therefore, many Russian thinkers tried to analyze important categories such as love, ethics and family. Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910), one of the most prominent Russian writers and thinkers of this period, who deals with the theme of love and family. In the 1880s, he experienced a religious crisis that changed the author's view of love within the framework of Christian teachings. This article examines Tolstoy's concept of love and sexual ethics before and after the crisis by referring to library sources and descriptive-analytical method. Research findings show that Tolstoy's understanding of love and family is a reflection of Christian assumptions: love of God, love of neighbor, and sexual love that should become family. The issue of Tolstoy's "love and family" instead of "marital happiness" shows how love is transformed into a family based on morality and then destroyed by the influence of society. Criticizing the political-social structure of contemporary Russia, he emphasized the progress of morality and religion and is against physical love between men and women, because it has nothing to do with Christ's commandment in the Bible to "love one's neighbor". Tolstoy suggests that carnal love should be lost and should be turned to living according to the instructions of the Gospel.