فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 59 (پاییز 1403)

The concept of housing has historically been a means of meeting various human needs influenced by social, cultural, and economic changes. Consequently, the physical architecture of housing reflects the social and cultural elements that shape residents' lifestyles, rather than their individual preferences or construction standards. This is particularly crucial in suburban areas, where the response of housing to the lifestyles of immigrants carries double significance due to their diverse ethnicities, values, and lifestyles. The unique demands of immigrants necessitate tailored responses in housing. Unfortunately, the growing emphasis on expedited construction by developers, without consideration for the identity of immigrant communities, has led to a decline in housing quality and neglect of their needs. Therefore, addressing the lifestyle of immigrants through housing requires a thorough understanding of their identity, highlighting the need for careful investigation. This study aimed to address two key subject regarding the relationship between physical housing and the lifestyle of immigrants: first, understanding the factors influencing the Components of suburban areas and the lifestyle of immigrants, and second, relation between components. The study utilized an analytical-descriptive approach, beginning with extensive library research to gather and analyze a wide range of relevant literature. The study extracted and categorized the components of physical housing in suburban areas and the lifestyle of immigrants. Subsequently, interviews were conducted with 11 architectural and sociology specialists, and the data were analyzed using MAXQDA software to define the relationship between housing components and lifestyle. The findings indicate that family structure and occupation in the social realm, as well as ethnicity and beliefs in the cultural realm, are key dimensions influencing immigrants' housing preferences. Immigrants' social and cultural identities lead to varying housing demands, influenced by their level of integration into the host society. Social analysts suggest that housing patterns reflect immigrants' social identity, with family structure and occupation being shaped by the host society, impacting housing spatial organization and type on the city outskirts. The immigrant jobs in the city outskirts include both domestic and non-domestic roles. For domestic jobs, immigrants require separate spaces within their homes to work (spatial organization8). Conversely, non-domestic jobs often require space for work tools upon entry, aiming to create a feeling of home. Hence, the presence of a yard and the housing pattern become crucial (type and pattern of housing6). Considering the expansive family life of immigrants, the family structure prioritizes shared living with relative independence and privacy (spatial organization7 and type of housing7). Furthermore, immigrants' cultural identity influences spatial organization. In general, the spatial arrangement of their housing is influenced by the ethnicity and beliefs of the immigrants, which is inherent. Additionally, immigrants tend to select housing close to others of the same ethnicity. However, if this group disregards their concealed identity and only considers the customary identity, they may choose housing in any part of the city under societal influence. Hence, it can be inferred that within the perspectives of social and cultural theorists, a shared element known as "compliance" plays a significant role in shaping housing.

Historical heritage is a valuable asset, and preserving it for future generations is considered a duty. Ignoring historical monuments can cause their deterioration, and handling and reuse are useful in preserving them. During the Qajar period, after the transfer of the capital to Tehran, various government buildings were built there. The Qazaqkhaneh mansion, located in Mashgh Square, is mentioned as the first administrative building of this city. Today, this building is used as an art university, having been repurposed for education. The revival of historical buildings, apart from retrofitting problems, also faces performance challenges. Research shows that architects, by mastering climatic and environmental principles, have been able to create thermal comfort in different uses, but less effort has been made in the field of visual comfort. Considering that, on the one hand, the activities of administrative and educational applications often take place during daylight hours, and on the other hand, the lack of visual comfort reduces the productivity of users, it is necessary to assess this factor in the building. Its ability to be restored or changed to the new application should be reviewed. As the first administrative building of Tehran, Qazaqkhaneh building is operating as an art university, so it seems necessary to evaluate its initial function and ability to revive it as an educational use by evaluating daylight and glare. Now these questions are raised: From the Point of View of the LEED V.4 Option 1 accreditation certificate, what is the status of the sDA (spatial daylight autonomy)  and ASE (annual sun exposure) indicators in this building? And are the Optical Visual Comfort (OVC) of this building suitable for office and educational applications? The method of this research is descriptive-analytical with the use of simulation. In order to evaluate the Optical Visual Comfort, the indicators of sDA and ASE have been investigated in the mentioned building. Modeling and simulating were done by Design Builder software and the results were analyzed in the form of LEED V.4 Option 1 accreditation certificate. In this regard, the office part of the first floor located in the west wing of the Qajar mansion along with the physical elements of the shell (windows) has been carefully modeled and simulated by Design Builder. In the following, the results of daylight and glare simulation using dynamic indicators of sDA and ASE have been analyzed and interpreted based on the LEED V4.0 Option 1 accreditation certificate. As a result, it is stated that the condition of the sDA index in all 6 office rooms is unfavorable from the point of view of the LEED V.4 Option 1 credit assessment certificate, and also the condition of the ASE index is in favorable conditions only in the north front rooms, which Without simultaneously verifying the minimum value of the sDA index in these spaces, it is worthless. Also, based on the evaluation of this credit assessment certificate, the state of visual and optical comfort in this building is not suitable for administrative and educational uses.

Understanding interdisciplinary issues in architectural design leads to the development of a methodology for the research process. The research process seeks to redefine design challenges by answering of research questions. It seems that the architectural design process has also transformed itself to keep pace with developments both in the social context and in terms of the importance of interdisciplinary issues. Changing the architectural research process according to the requirements of each time has been proposed in order to connect the design factors in a multi-directional way and respond to new challenges. In the tradition of interdisciplinary research in architecture and the humanities since the 1980s, the relationship between human behavior in space has often been measured in the form of behavioral sciences. This research, using cognitive sciences, aims to address the nature of man and his cognitive aspects, with regard to the recognition of the mind and memory as an essential part of the experience of architectural space. In this regard, a conceptual understanding of the impact of spatial eventfulness on human memory is examined. The purpose of this research is to explain the relationship between the spatial system and the sign system on the eventfulness of large-scale spaces based on cognitive sciences. That creates new opportunities to redefine the problem according to the current conditions, such as the importance of cognitive sciences in the direction of spatial system strategy and sign system in the architectural design. It seems that the spatial system has had a profound impact on the design and event-taking process of large-scale spaces, in such a way that it has also been able to transform the core of the process and production of architecture from the perspective of spatial indicators. The sign system is of great importance in recognizing spatial pieces, and the indicators of the sign system, in the form of symbolic features, have been able to reproduce the process of producing the content of spatial cognition. The method of this research is qualitative and in some analyses, quantitative analysis will be carried out in a combined and mixed nature, with an interpretive paradigm orientation. And the information will be collected through field research, including the use of existing information, observation and tracking. On the one hand, various manifestations of the spatial system and on the other hand, manifestations of the sign system are categorized, in which the focus is on providing the qualitative components needed to design spatial organization in crowded spaces through behavioral mapping. On the other hand, in order to analyze and analyze space, a quantitative cognitive method has been used through the space syntax technique. This relationship is analyzed with the help of logical reasoning. In order to implement the result on real manifestations, large-scale commercial centers in Iran and the United Arab Emirates and their users are evaluated as the research community. The achievement of this research shows that these two systems, spatial and sign, have different uses and effects on the Event-driven of space. The spatial system advances the field of Event-driven endogenously, directly, and immediately through spatial perception and experience, and the sign system indirectly and leads to the recognition of spatial fragments and recording in memory through recording and rereading.

Since the time of the first civilizations, music has been an inseparable part of human life and is considered as a kind of communication between them and life. Therefore, it is not surprising that people have been trying to create the best and highest quality environments for music performance for years. A poorly designed acoustic environment creates obstacles to its function, makes people disinterested in being there, and certainly harms their health. Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the production, control and monitoring, transmission, reception, and effects of sound. Acoustic design is the planning, shaping, and decorating of enclosed spaces to establish an acoustic environment. Since the beginning of acoustics, designers and scientists have been directing, amplifying, and absorbing sound by creating architectural forms. This article aims to improve the sound quality of music halls by relying on architectural methods. This article deals with the design and analysis of the architectural acoustics of a multi-purpose music hall. Due to the sensitivity of the acoustic conditions of the hall during music performances, especially symphony performances, the priority of the architectural and acoustic design of this hall is also music. The designed capacity of the hall is 1000 people and is considered on two floors. In the initial design, all domestic and foreign standards for multi-purpose halls have been applied. The acoustic parameters SPL, RT, STI, EDT, and ALCOVES, which are among the most important acoustic issues for multi-purpose halls, have been analyzed. The desired acoustic analyses have been carried out by Odeon software, which is one of the most powerful acoustic software. In the interior design of this hall, two different architectural designs have been made; in the first design, the ceiling of the hall is arched (waves along the length of the hall), and in the second design, the ceiling is designed as regular breaks, taking into account sound frequencies. After designing the hall and taking the output from the acoustic software, the RT parameter in the arched ceiling was 1.65 and in the dry ceiling was 1.3, the STI parameter in the arched ceiling was 0.66 and the ceiling with a break was 0.84, the EDT parameter in the arched ceiling was 1.15 and in the ceiling with a break was 1.2, the ALCOVE parameter in the arched ceiling was 3.1% and in the ceiling with a break was 1.86%, the SPL parameter in the arched ceiling was 107.5 and in the ceiling with a break was 105.7. The reason for the high SPL parameter in the arched ceiling is the faster transmission of sound waves to the end of the hall, while sound waves in the ceiling with a break are absorbed earlier and the sound volume is reduced. According to the software analysis, it can be concluded that the ceiling with a break is better in acoustic conditions than the arched ceiling, and for acoustic systems (Electroacoustics) the arched ceiling is better than the ceiling with a break.

Many mosques have been built in different countries in the contemporary era and recent years; Some of which are in the continuity of the past mosques, some have resemblance to them and others are quite different. One of the factors that can be analyzed in these mosques is their ideas and concepts. This study tries to analyze 62 contemporary mosques in the world. The results can help in design of future mosques by recognition of the ideas of past mosques and the way they project in architecture. So, the aim of this study is the recognition of the ideas of contemporary mosques and the way the ideas project in their architecture. The method of this research is analytic-descriptive. The collection of data was library based. The selected mosques were built about the last 45 years. As a result of this study, the ideas of contemporary mosques can be classified into 10 categories: Connection with the design context, native and local architecture, nature, sustainability, Islam and Islamic civilization, patterns and elements of traditional mosques, combination of traditional and modern architecture, modern architecture concepts, function of mosque, metaphors and symbolic concepts. Four styles have been proposed for the investigated mosques. Mosques that are more similar to traditional mosques or native architecture of each region, although they use modern technology or materials, are classified as "traditional mosques". Mosques that are somewhat similar to the past mosques in their appearance and plan, but some features of modern architecture distinguish them from traditional mosques, such as not using the known elements of the mosque or redefining those elements, or the simplicity of the form and interior space, can be considered as "traditional-modern mosques". The third category is "modern-traditional" mosques, which have more difference from the appearance of traditional mosques, but still have some features such as geometry and spatial relations in the plan or having some elements of the traditional mosques. The last category, "completely modern mosques", are mosques that are significantly different from traditional mosques both in form and geometry, and if mosque elements were used in them, this use is accompanied by a significant redefinition of these elements, that in some cases, if the audience does not know the function of the building, it seems difficult to recognize that it is a mosque. ​Examining the emergence of ideas in the architecture of mosques also leads to some results. Using mosque elements such as dome, minaret, etc. has been one of the most important ways of architects to introduce a building as a mosque; Although, in order to have innovation in them, various forms were used in each of the elements of the mosque. The form of the mosque has been another important subject for emergence of ideas. To a lesser extent than others, it is possible to see the emergence of ideas in the spatial features of mosques, which can be seen in ideas such as the functional features of the mosque and the affordance to be a place for praying and gathering.

There is an increasing number of articles related to gender justice and urban public spaces, which requires the necessity of refining, summarizing, and classifying scientific findings and results to advance science and fill gaps in knowledge. The purpose of this research is to analyze the scientometric analysis of gender justice studies in public spaces to discover the main issues and developments, as well as to find the emerging performance trends of articles and magazines, to recognize the patterns of cooperation between countries and the co-citation of authors in world literature; To achieve these goals, scientometric analysis was used. In this way, to discover issues such as the time of occurrence of keywords, authorship, and citation of cited sources, quantitative methods have been used. The current research is quantitative in terms of approach and applied in terms of purpose, which was carried out by scientometric method (co-occurrence analysis, co-authorship analysis, and co-reference analysis). The research community consists of scientific papers and documents of global researchers in the field of gender justice and public spaces who are indexed in the Scopus database between 1991 and 2024 and have the phrase gender justice and public spaces in their documents. The Scopus database was used because it is a stronger database than the Web of Science and provides access to more journals. The network analysis method and VOS viewer software were used to illustrate the network of co-occurrence, co-authorship, and co-citation.  In the Scopus advanced search, the two keywords combined “gender justice” and “public space” without creating a specific restriction in the title, abstract, and keywords indicated the existence of 200 documents, of which the most frequent articles were in 2021, there were 23 articles. It should also be mentioned that during many years from 1992 to 1997 and in 1999, 2001, 2004, and 2005, no articles were published with the mentioned keywords. The results of keyword co-occurrence show that the keyword “gender” has the highest number of keyword co-occurrences, with 35 occurrences. Co-citation analysis based on authors shows that the highest number of citations is related to Elaine Unterhalter, with a link strength of 100. After him, Judith Butler is in second place with 34 citations and a link strength of 459, and David Harvey is in third place with 33 citations and a link strength of 429. Also, the co-citation analysis based on cited sources shows that the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research source has been cited 33 times, and the citation strength of this source with other sources is 347, which has the highest number of citations among the sources. Is. Finally, the analysis of scientific cooperation at the level of countries shows that the United States has the highest number of documents, citations, and linking powers among other countries, with the number of 69 documents, 876 citations, and 16 linking powers. Future researchers can use any of the existing keywords, especially recent hot words with regard to the Indigenous context, as potential thematic areas of gender justice in public spaces.

This research has been done in order to investigate the role of the dry port and its different dimensions and its effects on the regional development of Zahedan. The primary objective is to analyze key factors influencing the establishment of a dry port and its impacts on Zahedan and the broader Sistan and Baluchestan provinces. Dry ports, as essential infrastructure in transportation and logistics, facilitate transportation flows, reduce transit costs, enhance logistical capacity, and improve quality of life. Given Zahedan’s strategic location near Afghanistan and Pakistan, developing a dry port could accelerate economic growth, create employment, and strengthen regional trade relations. This project is expected to enhance trade relations between Iran and neighboring countries, contributing to economic stability in the region. This research adopts a mixed-methods explanatory approach. In the quantitative section, 109 questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 21, with the Friedman test used to prioritize key factors. The most significant factors identified include economic impacts, infrastructure quality, and employment conditions. The qualitative section involved 24 interviews with experts in transportation, logistics, and commerce, analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding in Maxqda 24.4. The combination of these methods provides a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the topic. The findings highlight several critical factors in dry port development, including the geographical location, control over traffic impacts, availability of economic infrastructure, and its role in stimulating regional economic growth. Additionally, access to multi-modal transportation )rail, road, and air(, unemployment reduction, job creation, sustainable economic development, and the expansion of shipping agency services are crucial elements identified. Qualitative interviews revealed that a dry port in Zahedan could lower transportation costs, accelerate exports, attract both domestic and foreign investments, and improve trade relations between Iran and neighboring countries. Additional benefits include enhanced customs facilities, reduced fuel consumption, energy optimization, and minimized environmental pollution. The study emphasizes the need for collaboration between policymakers, investors, and local institutions to ensure the successful implementation of this project. Based on the findings, recommendations include developing transportation infrastructure, attracting investment, creating special economic zones, improving workforce training, and strengthening local participation. These actions could accelerate the dry port’s development, positioning Zahedan as a regional logistics hub and contributing to the sustainable development of Sistan and Baluchestan. This research demonstrates that dry ports not only alleviate congestion at seaports and improve supply chain efficiency but also foster economic, social, and environmental progress in underdeveloped regions. The Zahedan dry port can enhance trade competitiveness, attract investments, and benefit diverse sectors, including manufacturing, agriculture, and services. Increased logistics efficiency can further stimulate regional economic integration and promote greater cooperation among neighboring countries. Additionally, this study offers a valuable framework for planners, local authorities, and transportation managers, providing insights into the advantages and challenges of dry ports. The findings support future policies to maximize the benefits of dry ports in national and regional economic planning. A well-functioning dry port in Zahedan will act as a catalyst for broader regional development, creating new economic opportunities and contributing to long-term sustainable growth.

This paper aims to examine and analyze the key components of expressionism that significantly shape interior space design. As an artistic movement, expressionism is deeply rooted in the portrayal of human emotions and thoughts, frequently influenced by social and political contexts. This study explores the intersection of expressionism and interior architecture, emphasizing how its core principles can be effectively incorporated into spatial design. Employing a mixed-methods research approach, this study utilizes qualitative content analysis within an inductive framework, incorporating open and axial coding techniques. MAXQDA software was used to systematically categorize codes and identify relevant themes. The findings highlight five major categories derived from 16 subcomponents, which define the essential characteristics of Expressionist-inspired interior architecture. In the quantitative phase, a non-random snowball sampling method was used to recruit 12 experts in painting and architecture to assess the applicability of these components. Additionally, a purposive, criterion-based sampling strategy was applied to select nine architectural case studies reflecting Expressionist elements. The results indicate that the most defining attributes of Expressionist-inspired interior architecture include curved forms, exaggerated and distorted geometries, and a deliberate rejection of strict naturalism. These elements collectively contribute to an intense and emotive spatial experience, a defining trait of Expressionist aesthetics. Moreover, this study identifies several strategies for successfully integrating Expressionist principles into contemporary interior design. These strategies encompass the use of unconventional materials and textures, strategic lighting to evoke mood and intensity, and dynamic color schemes that enhance emotional impact. Another crucial aspect is the incorporation of fluid, organic forms into spatial layouts, reinforcing the movement’s opposition to rigid symmetry and conventional design norms. Expressionism, when applied to interior space design, serves as an artistic bridge connecting architecture with a profound exploration of human emotions—particularly awe, melancholy, and introspection—which directly influence spatial perception and experience. The movement’s impact extends beyond aesthetics, shaping immersive environments that challenge traditional perceptions and provoke emotional engagement. By examining and categorizing the fundamental principles of expressionism in interior architecture, this research contributes to a broader discourse on how artistic movements inform and transform spatial design. The methodology adopted in this study involved an extensive analysis of both historical and contemporary Expressionist works, evaluating their structural and decorative elements to assess their applicability in modern interior architecture. The findings underscore the importance of emotional depth and artistic intentionality in spatial design, advocating for a more expressive and individualized approach to interior architecture. Ultimately, this study provides valuable insights into the role of expressionism in shaping interior environments, offering designers and architects a framework for integrating its principles into their work. For instance, the incorporation of undulating walls and vivid, emotionally charged color palettes in projects such as the Hundertwasser House in Vienna exemplifies how Expressionist principles can create engaging and immersive spaces. This research highlights the continued relevance of historical artistic movements in contemporary design discourse, affirming that interior spaces can function as expressive canvases for creativity and emotional depth. By bridging the gap between Expressionism and interior architecture, this study underscores the movement’s lasting influence and presents innovative pathways for future design exploration.