نشریه مهندسی جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 22 (زمستان 1403)

The construction of villas and second houses in Kalardasht is about three decades old, and during this period, a number of fields, forest areas and pastures have been destroyed and subjected to changes in residential uses, so that it reflects the chaotic and abnormal image in this place, which has many potentials for development, especially in the field of tourism.

To identify the key factors of second homes and their role and impact on sustainable development in Kalardasht

The pattern of research is “future studies” in terms of approach, “cognitive” in terms of purpose, “field and documentary-analytical” in terms of method, “cross-sectional” in terms of time and “quantitative and qualitative” in terms of data type.

There are six scenarios with a high probability of occurrence for the sustainable development of Kalardasht county, among them, 2 scenarios (third and fifth) with 42.85 percentages in favorable condition, 3 scenarios (first, fourth and sixth) with 10.71 percentages and 21/42 are in an intermediate state and the second scenario is in the most critical state with 42.85 percent.

Sustainable development in rural areas of Kalardasht county is based on the formation and expansion of second homes and addressing the existing issues and upcoming challenges, depends on investment growth, immigration reduction, good governance and targeted land use planning. This interaction requires setting special standards for monitoring and controlling land use, creating occupation, especially in the field of tourism, and curbing the increase in land prices.

The purpose of this research is to identify the role of ecological power in improving the resilience of rural areas in the central part of Mahenshan city. The general approach of the research is quantitative research and in terms of data collection method, it is based on library data. The statistical population of this research includes 51 villages in the central basin of Mahenshan city. Research findings show that, based on ecological zoning, the central part of Mahneshan can be divided into 5 connected areas according to the figure below. This division has been made in such a way that the communication within each of the division units; It should be simpler than the connection between the division units. In the sense that among these units there are factors (of the type of natural factors) that limit the connection between them in some way, and these obstacles form the boundaries of the interconnected fields. Based on the total ecological power index, a significant difference in the resilience of the studied villages has been obtained. The direction of this relationship is also estimated to be positive, which indicates the existence of a direct relationship, so it can be said that with the increase in ecological power, the resilience level also increases.

Governance perspective emerged as a powerful analytical concept in public policy since the late 1970s. Governance requires a new operating model for stakeholders and decision-making processes. A problem that has made the advantages of this clean industry face many challenges. In recent years, the tourism sector and its related services have increased in this region and have had a significant impact the quality of life of citizens. But what is important in the meantime is current position of the tourism management sector in its sustainability, which is facing a serious challenge. The purpose of current research is to explain the principles of good governance of tourism in Rasht city. Descriptive-analytical research method, its nature is applied and documentary-survey method of gathering information. The statistical population included 35 experts and the Delphi questionnaire distribution method. The data were analyzed in MaxQDA software. Qualitative findings in response to the first question of the research show that the factors of transparency, efficiency, responsibility, perspective creation, participation, accountability, legality and consensus are among the indicators that should be considered in the sustainable development of tourism in Rasht city. Also, in the quantitative part of the research, the results of modeling the structural equations reveal the relationship and significant influence of the destination variables and tourism sustainability (X: 0.75, T-Value: 63.4). Therefore, the leadership of the tourism sector in this destination requires a good governance approach and the involvement of various actors and stakeholders

Security is a fundamental criterion in every social system, and countries prioritize its establishment within society. The concept of social security encompasses the assurance that human values are protected and not threatened, the absence of fear regarding legitimate rights and freedoms, as well as a sense of serenity, safety, and peace of mind. Giddens supports the construction theory, which posits that human actions are influenced by two factors: rules and resources. These factors can also play a crucial role in creating social security for individuals. Examining the issue of social security in the surrounding villages of Rasht city is particularly important, given the recent influx of immigrants.

The aim of this study is to analyze the factors that contribute to the perception of social security in the peripheral villages of Rasht city.

This applied and descriptive-analytical research employed the survey method, and data was collected through questionnaires. The study population consisted of residents living in the peripheral villages of Rasht city (Pasikhan, Garfam, Lichah), with 300 households selected for interviews using multistage cluster sampling.

The area studied in this research is the peripheral villages of Rasht city.

The results indicated a relatively low sense of social security in the surveyed villages. However, there is a direct correlation between socio-economic status, social trust, and the sense of social security. Conversely, a negative and inverse relationship was observed between social disorganization and the feeling of social security.

Based on the findings of this research, it is concluded that the social organization in the studied villages is not favorable and requires reforms across various dimensions. Undoubtedly, if the organizational situation in the villages improves, the feeling of social security, which is a vital aspect of human life, will also see some improvement.

Issues such as the growth of urbanization, increase in urban population, and the necessity of accountability and citizen orientation have led managers and decision makers to take advantage of good urban governance. Based on the principles and objectives governing good urban governance, city managers alone are not able to respond to new needs and it is necessary to be able to respond by increasing compatibility and attracting active forces in public institutions and involving citizens as the main beneficiaries in the decision-making process. to increase the new needs. Therefore, having a comprehensive model of smart urban management is a big step towards the realization of good urban governance. This research was based on an interpretive paradigm and was conducted with an inductive approach. The present research is applied-developmental from the point of view of the goal and from the point of view of the method of data collection, it was done with cross-sectional survey method. The community of participants includes managers of Shahrood city and professors of urban management. Sampling was done with a targeted method and theoretical saturation was achieved with 17 interviews. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires. Thematic analysis, structural-interpretive modeling and Swara were used to analyze the collected data.

The results of the interviews were conducted with the method of qualitative analysis of the theme based on the six-step method of Etrid-Straling (2001). In the open coding phase, 298 codes were identified. Finally, through axial coding, 5 overarching themes, 10 organizing themes and 58 basic themes were obtained. The main topics include: managerial factors, smart urban management strategy, technical factors of smart urban management, transparency of urban management, smart urban services, participation of electronic citizens, environmental performance, economic performance, social performance, good urban governance. Based on the results of the research, it was determined that managerial factors, smart urban management strategy and technical factors of smart urban management affect smart urban services and transparency of urban management. Smart urban services and transparency of urban management affect the participation of electronic citizens and lead to economic performance, environmental performance and social performance. Through economic, social and environmental performance, it is finally possible to achieve good urban governance. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that a comprehensive and macro model for smartening urban management can make it possible to achieve the long-term goals of good urban governance.

One of the basic challenges in the system of sustainable development of cities are worn-out urban tissues as less developed areas that were formed for various reasons and today are suffering from economic, social, cultural, physical,environmental.problems that are Failure to pay attention and proper planning for it can cause the whole city to suffer a crisis.

The present research was carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing urban management strategies in order to recreate the worn-out texture of the central area of Rasht city.

This research is based on quantitative-survey method and in terms of user goals.Research data has been collected through a survey of 25 experts and experts related to the research topic.and then the criteria and sub-criteria of worn tissue regeneration were prioritized using the Analytical Hierarchy(AHP)method.

the studied area is the worn-out fabric of the central of Rasht city.

The results of this research showed that the most important strategy for urban management in order to recreate the worn-out texture of the central area of Rasht city is development, clarification and accountability of urban management.

Based on the results of the research.the criteria for the development of institutional arrangements at the local level,foundation and institutional presence and multi-stakeholder decision-making based on the role of actors,institutional facilitation and mediation,and the creation of institutional synergy and the development of the institutional education and knowledge system after the criteria First, they are in the next priorities.

Daily expansion of cities in the last decades and the increase of demand for land alongside the limited availability of it, has caused the transfer of some city related activities to rural areas around the cities specially in bigger cities where industrial and economical activities are the most important ones. This matter, has caused a reformation in the rural economies and new functions have been added to the economic functions related to farming. Reform in function, has had environmental, physical, economical, socio-cultural outcomes in the rural areas which the most apparent on them, were the physical outcomes. This research, is done with the aim to analyze the structural consequences of the functional upheavals of rural settlements of Rasht. The most important change has been the transition of urban activities such as production, trading and especially catering and repairing services which has changed the body of these villages. Type of research is comparative and the method of research is descriptive-analytic which was done using the existing documents and field studies, data’s and information. Statistical population of this research is comprised of the villages surrounding the city of Rasht (36 villages). To explain the subject with reading the background research and field surveys three structural consequences as results of functional upheavals and 79 variables were detected and using the factor analysis technique the detected variables were summarized in 4 sections. In descriptive statistics the variables of each section were examined separately and the information were coded to be used in statistical analysis. Results of the statistical analysis with regression analysis and COPRAS technique show us that functional upheavals effect the progress of change such as the function of land, the quality of housing, transition of the amount and quality of services. And we observe the highest amount of functional upheavals within the past two decades in the village of Pile Darin and the lowest in the village of Keshal Varzal .

Today in the world tourism market, symbolizing cities is a successful factor in attracting tourists and can be considered the most prominent role of urban and symbols in enhancing urban tourism.The ancient, national and religious buildings and symbols, are Part of the largest and mostin the world famous cities. All the big cities of the world are known with a special symbol, and this is a universal theme

The purpose of this study is to the role of urban symbols and elements in tourism development and attracting more tourists to Maragheh city.

The research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature of the descriptive-analytical method. Required data were collected using documentary and field method. For this purpose, using questionnaire tools, simple random sampling of tourists and visitors was used to collect information. Data were analyzed at both descriptive and inferential levels using SPSS software and statistical tests and methods such as frequency, mean, Friedman test, stepwise regression and normalization were used.

Maragheh city in East Azarbayjan Provinc.

The overall findings of the study confirm the position of the indicators in the boom and development of urban tourism The Friedman test was less than five hundred were measured and compared.The analyzes indicate that there is a significant relationship between the components selected for the elements and the tourist attraction.

in the discussion of urban tourism these two valuable historical monuments can be used for development of tourism industry in Maragheh.

Public spaces, which are considered important urban elements, play a decisive role in the quality of life of citizens and reflect the interactions and social behaviors of city people. These public spaces have characteristics and elements whose quality can be improved to provide a more pleasant and sustainable life in the city. Therefore, identifying effective criteria on the quality of urban public spaces plays an important role in the fundamental development of cities and creating a desirable urban environment.

By examining the public spaces of the main streets of Rasht city, this research has identified and evaluated the factors affecting their quality from an objective and subjective point of view.

For the objective evaluation of the street quality, field observation and completion of the checklist have been used, and for the subjective evaluation of the street quality, a questionnaire has been used. Data analysis and measurement of the quality of the public spaces of the streets were done using the TOPSIS model, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for the correlation between the two variables of objective quality and subjective quality. Geographical area of researchIn this research, the public spaces of the main streets of Rasht city have been studied in 11 clusters.

The correlation between the quality of objective characteristics and subjective characteristics has been calculated as R=0.68. In terms of comparison of different clusters' enjoyment of the qualities of the public space of the streets from an objective and subjective point of view, clusters 11, 6, and 7 have TOPSIS coefficients above 0.5. Also, clusters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10 have TOPSIS coefficients less than 0.5.Conclusion This research was carried out on the basis of data acquired through filed observation and questionnaire interview. The TOPSIS analysis revealed that the central and northern parts of the city, which mostly include middle and higher social groups have higher level of street qualities, while southern and south western parts of the city which mainly include the lower social classes and rural migrants have a lower quality of street spaces. The results also depict there is a significant relationship between objective and subjective characteristics of street qualities in Rasht. Meaning the higher the objective quality of a street space, the higher its subjective quality.

Civilizations are children of their geography. The algebra of geography, like parents with special genetic characteristics, creates a child with a unique personality. Iran's civilization is also rooted in its special geography. The dry and semi-arid climate has given unique characteristics to the culture and civilization of Iran and the way of water governance in this country; So that water and security are among the inseparable components of Iranian civilization. The governance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the 21st century is no exception to this rule. The necessity of water transfer throughout history has always brought political, social, cultural and environmental consequences.

This research aims to investigate the historical, geographical and security nature of water transfer from the Zayandeh-Rood basin to the provinces located in the central plateau of Iran.

The purpose of the current research is applied and it has used the descriptive-analytical method.

The inevitability of water transfer, according to the historical, geographical and security approach, requires appropriate solutions. In the first step of good water governance, it should be emphasized on adopting a national approach against inter-provincial tensions. Optimizing water consumption in the fields of agriculture, industry and drinking, in addition to focusing on alternative projects such as transferring water from the Persian Gulf, under the general strategy of reducing the need for transfer water from The Zayandeh-Rood basin, can provide practical and executive solutions to the water authorities.

Solar radiation reaching the Earth is widely used as one of the factors needed for water resources, Environment, Agriculture and Vegetation, architectural harmony with the climate, clean energy, and many other systems. This is not measured in all meteorological stations. Hence a lot of empirical methods are provided to estimate using meteorological parameters.

The aim of this study was to estimate the amount of radiation received by a horizontal surface using climatic elements (Minimum and maximum temperature, average humidity, wind speed, sun shining time and evapotranspiration) during the 20-year period and mapping in Khorasan region.

After obtaining solar radiation to Penman-Monteith method, required layers (atmospheric parameters, changes in elevation, slope) are created in GIS environment. And the amount of solar radiation in the province was calculated. Geographic scope of research: The information required for this investigate were collected from 15 meteorological stations partnered to the Meteorological Organization found in Khorasan territory (Razavi, South, North). This information is related to a long time 1999 to 2019 Advertisement and incorporate the greatest and least day by day values of discuss temperature, relative stickiness, sunny hours and wind speed.

The results showed that the lowest was related to the month of January and the highest to the month of July. Annual radiation distribution is decreasing in the south and south-west to the north and northeast. Annual radiation changes in the range of 130 to 404mj / m2 / day. Also according to the stepwise regression model, incoming radiation in the area has the highest correlation with maximum temperature and sunshine hours. In common, diverse arranging within the field of agribusiness, hydrology, engineering and energy largely depends on the right estimation of the sum of sun powered radiation. Too, the spatial dispersion and intensity of sun powered radiation are two vital variables within the advancement of sun powered vitality. Based on the obtained comes about, it is recommended: 1- The situation of sun based control plants within the best put for the misuse of sun powered vitality in Khorasan territories. Utilizing zoning of gotten solar radiation for engineering in Khorasan provinces.

Today, rural tourism is one the activities that due to the diversity of occupations can provide employment and entrepreneurship development for rural women .They can easily work in the field of tourism in addition to their daily home activities.Purpose of the research: The main purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between rural women entrepreneurship and tourism and finally their effectiveness.

this research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The documentary-field (survey) method has been used to collect information. The Statistical population of the study is 407 women in Sardabeh village. 200 people were determined as a statistical sample through morgan and jersey table and then a questionnaire was collected from then by simple random sampling method and order to analyze the information, the model of least squaes in Warp-pls software has been used.Geographic territory of research: in this study, Sardabeh tourist village of Ardabil has been studied as an example due to the high potential of tourism and having suitable conditions for entrepreneurship of rural women.

the result showed that in any case, the main research opportunity is that there is a significant and direct relationship between rural women tourism entrepreneurship and handicrafts, services, products and customs. As a result, the growth and development of these components can lead to lead prosperity of rural women entrepreneurship and, conversely, the prosperity of women entrepreneurship lead to the growth of rural tourism. Therefore to improve women entrepreneurship in vakilabad village of Ardabil, more focus should be on these two factors.