مجله مهندسی و مدیریت آبخیز
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1404)

Soil erosion causes land degradation and reduces their land fertility potential in watershed areas. Choosing the right methods and strategies for watershed management and designing appropriate soil protection programs for regional conditions is of great importance and identifying the main areas of sediment production plays a significant role in formulating these strategies. Gully erosion is one of the forms of water erosion and the intensified type caused by human activities and is one of the important factors of soil degradation that causes soil loss and sediment production in different regions of Iran. Today, gully erosion has received more attention than other forms of water erosion due to its importance and development caused by disproportionate human activities, and one of the reasons for this, is the share of sediment production between 10 to 94 percent in some worldwide studied watersheds. The extensive destruction of agricultural, pastural and residential lands, roads, gas and oil pipelines and relocation of villages are from other reasons for the importance of gully erosion. Despite of conducted surveys and many studies on Iranian gullies, still there is no accurate, comprehensive, and up-to-date information on the characteristics of gullies with respect to climate, land use, formation and soil type, sediment production, and economic damages. Therefore, this study attempted to prioritize them for planning management and conservation measures by studying gully characteristics in Qazvin Province and estimating their economic damages.

The studied area covers the lands of ​​Qazvin Province with an area of 15,559 km2. Its highest elevation is 4,061 m above sea level in the Shahroud Watershed and its lowest point is 275 m at the the Qezelouzn River in the Lower Tarom region. The average rainfall in the province is about 316 mm yr-1. Quaternary geological units include alluvial fan deposits and low-elevation river terraces, andesite and dacite volcanic tuffs, and Quaternary including alluvial fan deposits and high-elevation river terraces are the first three formations of the province with 392,000, 119,000 and 6,500 km2, respectively. The gully erosion areas of the province were identified according to the available information and referring to the relevant departments. Then, according to the initial identification, the accuracy of the gullies erosion locations was checked by field visits and the geographical coordinates of 24 gullies were recorded by GPS. Using the extensive Demarton climate map of the country, a climate map of the province was prepared digitally. In the next step, the maps of the gullies and the climate of the province were overlayed in a GIS environment and a map of the distribution of gullies in different climates of the province was prepared. From each climate, two areas with an area of ​​more than 500 ha and three sample gullies from each area were selected as representative areas for field sampling and the dimensional characteristics of the gullies, soil, past and current land use, and economic damages from the expansion of gullies in the representative areas were measured. For each area, the type and the amount of damage resulting from the creation and expansion of gullies were determined based on the functional value of the land in fodder production (2.5 million Rials ha-1). Prioritization of gully erosion areas for watershed management and soil conservation operations was carried out based on the proposed method. First, the indices of area, length, width, depth, width-to-depth ratio, and damage amount indices were determined. Then, the value of each factor was divided by the average factor in the province and assigned to the region in ascending order, with a score of one for the lowest index value and a score of 10 for the highest value, and the prioritization of each factor was determined. Then, the sum of the priority scores of the indices was calculated and assigned in ascending order, with the highest score as the region with the first priority and the lowest score as the region with the last priority.

The results of this study showed that gullies are distributed in all five climates of the province like cold semi-arid, super-cold semi-arid, temperate semi-arid, warm semi-humid, and warm Mediterranean, but they are more frequent and have more area in Mediterranean and semi-arid climates. Gullies in Qazvin Province have a general claw plan and a point frontal plan, which indicates the effect of surface runoff in their creation and expansion. Gullies are generally created at the bottom of valleys and have a greater lateral expansion and are located in the middle class (less than five meters) in terms of depth. The soil in the gullies has a heavy to semi-heavy texture and the lands are pastures. The economic damages on province's pastures due to the expansion of gullies has been estimated at 3,984 billion Rials. Gully erosion areas in Qostyn-Rud in the temperate semi-arid climate, the Abdareh with the cold semi-arid climate, and the Durchak in the warm Mediterranean climate are in the first, second, and third priorities for soil conservation operations, while Yalabad, Dastjerdeh, and Maallem-Kelayeh areas have lower priorities.

The economic damages caused to the rangelands of the province due to the expansion of gullies is estimated at 39.84 billion Rials. According to the results, based on the developed Demarton climatology, the Qostyn-Rud gullies in the temperate semi-arid climate, the Abdareh with a cold semi-arid climate, and the Durchak gullies in the warm Mediterranean climate are in the first, second, and third priorities for soil conservation operations, which can be used to make decisions regarding the allocation of funds and the implementation of soil conservation and watershed management programs. For more appropriate management of erosion and sediment caused by gullies in Qazvin Province, other plans should be implemented, such as the studying the impact of gullies on rangeland soil moisture and biomass production, the diversity of palatable and invasive rangeland species, the rate of gullies advancing in medium and long-term periods, and gully erosion prediction models, so that they can be managed more effectively.

Today, the destruction of natural resources has increased the possibility of shortages and crises of resources needed for human well-being. Therefore, to prevent further land degradation, it has become necessary to develop effective policies and strategies. In this regard, significant costs are spent every year on protecting natural resources and controling their degradation in the form of studies and executive projects, which in most cases do not meet the desired standard and require a comprehensive and systematic plan. In this regard, the country's watershed management faces many problems and challenges, which must be addressed by new approaches to comprehensive watershed management, taking into account all effective and influential aspects of watersheds.

In this research, first, a review of the detailed-executive studies of the Daftabad Watershed in South Khorasan Province, Iran was conducted with the aim of identifying the problems of the watershed. Also, the necessary visits were made to understand the watershed as much as possible. Then, a list of the problems and challenges of the region was prepared and placed in a fishbone diagram. The study evaluated the six pillars of comprehensive watershed management, viz., legal, policy, economic, social, cultural, and knowledge, and addressed their position in the watershed management ladder.

The research evaluation shows that although research studies and a watershed management unit have been included in the watershed, the failure to implement a watershed health and sustainability approach has caused the Daft Abad Watershed to be placed on the research-implementation rung of the watershed ladder. The research assessment shows that current approaches to managing the Daftabad Watershed face serious challenges. Several factors, including inappropriate management patterns, climate change, lack of active participation of local communities, lack of investment, lack of exploitation of economic opportunities and capabilities of the region, and existing socio-economic issues, have exposed this watershed to serious vulnerability. Also, the lack of assessment of the various needs of the population, especially the needs of women in different age groups, has led to the lack of various solutions for population management in the short- and long-term. On the other hand, utilizing the economic capabilities of the Daft Abad Watershed, especially in agriculture and barberry cultivation, to produce products, market the produced products, and expand ecotourism can reduce general poverty and strengthen the economy of local communities. In this regard, utilizing the economic capabilities of watersheds in order to produce products, market the produced products, and expand ecotourism can reduce general poverty and strengthen the economy of local communities. In general, by observing the approaches mentioned in this research and promoting detailed executive studies, the current trend of watersheds can be improved, and the waste of water and soil resources, the continuous migration of people to larger cities, and environmental problems can be reduced. Therefore, this program requires the active participation of all stakeholders, including the government, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, and local communities in the design and implementation. Strengthening the participation of local communities, policy-making and planning that is appropriate for the health and sustainability of the area investing in various sectors and infrastructure, supporting vulnerable groups, as well as paying attention to Indigenous knowledge and local experiences, along with using scientific and specialized knowledge, can significantly contribute to the success of this program.

This study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive and participatory approach, providing solutions for improving the management of the Daftabad Watershed. The results can serve as a model for managers and policymakers in natural resource and watershed management, highlighting the need for holistic and inclusive strategies to ensure sustainable development and resilience. Accordingly, it is recommended that managers and planners at various levels of management, while paying significant attention to the participation of local communities, prioritize the evaluation, monitoring, and measurement of the effects of implemented projects so that in the long-term, they can simultaneously preserve and restore healthy watersheds and prevent the migration of watershed residents to neighboring cities and the emergence of numerous problems in those cities.

Indiscriminate and non-technical extraction of sand and gravel from rivers has brought many adverse morphological and environmental effects. The negative consequences of river materials mining occur under the influence of various factors. Examining the system of exploitation of materials from the river also indicates the existence of many problems in different technical, legal, socio-economic and environmental aspects. In this regard, the present research was carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing factors affecting river materials mining and providing optimal river materials mining management indicators.

The watersheds studied in this research include Lake Urmia, Sefidroud and Heraz, Heraz and Qarasu, Kerganrud, Karkhe, Karun and Sefidroud Bozorg. The required information has been obtained through survey-type field research, by conducting face-to-face interviews and using questionnaires. The studied statistical group consists of experts, specialists and experts of regional water companies all over the country. The research tool was a questionnaire whose content validity was obtained by obtaining the opinions of relevant experts and university professors and applying the necessary corrections. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and SPSS software were used for the reliability of the research tool and its figure was equal to 0.811. The items examined in the questionnaire were measured in three main sections, including river characteristics, the status of material harvesting, the evaluation of technical, legal, socio-economic, and environmental indicators of the effects of river material harvesting, and two general sections, including the identification of the main indicators of optimal river material harvesting and the extent of the impact of clause "and" of Note 8 of the 2021 National Budget Law on reducing or increasing the effects of river material harvesting.

The examination of technical factors showed that T3 items (river stability, hydraulic structures and their lifespan) with a frequency of 16.92% and item T5 (changes in the level of underground water in aquifers adjacent to the river) with a frequency of 4.61% are the most important respectively. And they are the least important factor in River materials mining. Among the legal components of item L1 (weakness in providing the necessary infrastructure for the establishment of control laws and regulations) and item L6 (lack of suitable infrastructure for crisis management in times of need) respectively with the frequencies of 18.69% and 8.46% of the first priorities and finally, they have assigned the factors affecting the river materials mining. The results of the study of socio-economic factors affecting the river materials mining showed that item S1 (lack of laws and regulations to control the price and price fluctuations of river materials) with a frequency of 15.38% is the first priority of socio-economic factors affecting the river materials mining and Item S3 (migration process from (to) the region) is the least important factor (6.17%) in river materials mining. On the other hand, item E2 (environmental effects of river materials mining on the water environment of the river (plant and animal community)) is the most important influencing factor in river materials mining with a frequency of 23.08% and item E5 (effect of river materials mining on floodplains) with a frequency of 15 16% is the least important factor among environmental components. Based on experts' point of view, indicators such as appropriate depth of river materials mining, distance of river materials mining from upstream and downstream structures, finding the potential of a suitable river materials mining location, estimating the annual sediment load of rivers, determining suitable river materials mining sizes according to the surplus materials of the river are the most important indicators affecting the optimal river materials mining.

The results of the general investigation of legal, technical, socio-economic and environmental factors indicate that the weakness of the legal components is the most effective factor in aggravating the negative consequences caused by the river materials mining. Lack of sufficient and effective supervision at the stage of issuing operating licenses, weakness in providing the infrastructure needed to enact laws and regulations, lack of price control laws and regulations are the most challenging issues among the criteria. Therefore, creating laws without parallel work, placing the regional water company in charge of all stages of issuing operating licenses, and establishing strict rules in dealing with violators and continuous monitoring of river materials mining operations can reduce the damages caused by the river materials mining in technical, socio-economic and environmental sectors also reduce.

Following the climate change of recent decades and the intensification of soil erosion and pollution, in many countries of the world, planting of a large area of ​​Vetiver plant under the title of soil bioengineering has been considered for the protection of the environment and natural resources. Since Vetiver is a 4C plant, it has a high efficiency in energy conversion through photosynthesis. Its leaves and stems, when completely decomposed, create a compost containing brown, dark black and white materials. Vetiver compost has a high nutritional value for providing livestock fodder and a high biomass caloric value in the soil and microorganisms present in it. Among the important uses of Vetiver are soil protection due to its spreading and deep roots, use as fodder, plant purification properties, use of effective enzymes and hormones for soil maintenance on steep slopes, presence of active ingredients that can be used in the health, pharmaceutical and perfume industries, and its special feature in reducing CO2 (one plant can absorb 25% of excess carbon dioxide). Vetiver can be used as the most suitable protective wall on steep slopes of highways and side walls of dam reservoirs. By increasing the density of Vetiver roots in the soil, the degree of soil adhesion increases and the angle of internal friction of the soil decreases. It can be stated that the increase in the density of Vetiver roots is the reason for increasing the shear strength of the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the performance of this plant for different environmental conditions. For this purpose, this research was conducted with the aim of better understanding the performance of this plant on the side slopes of the Sangar Dam reservoir in Siahkal County (Gilan Province).

In this study, soil and Vetiver plant root sampling was carried out from a depth of 0-50 cm on the slope of the dam reservoir wall with different degrees of slopes of 30-40, 40-50, and 60-70 degrees in four replicates. A total of 12 untouched soil samples and 12 soil samples with Vetiver plant roots were sampled using steel rings and 12 Vetiver plant were sampled. Soil properties including soil texture using hydrometric method, soil moisture using gravimetric method, acidity using saturated mud method, electrical conductivity using extraction method and soil salinity with EC meter, organic matter, lime and potassium of soil were measured using film photometer in the laboratory. To investigate the effect of moisture and Vetiver roots on soil shear strength, laboratory direct shear measurement method was used. Vetiver root extracts were extracted separately by maceration method using methanol/water solvents (80/20) and the extracts were concentrated using a rotary device. Finally, the results of measuring soil properties, Vetiver root weight and plant root extracts were analyzed using ANOVA test, analysis of variance and comparison of means and SPSS software.

Vetiver planting on the side slopes of the Sangar-Gilan Dam reservoir has been done with the aim of preventing soil erosion, stabilizing the slopes and riverside slopes. Vetiver plant roots vertically penetrate deep into the soil. The development of root hairs of the Vetiver plant increases with the increase in the slope of the soil. The weight of the tension wires increases in proportion to the increase in the slope of the soil. Therefore, the characteristics of the weight of Vetiver plant roots and the weight of Vetiver plant root extract are affected by the characteristics of soil in steep slopes. There is a significant correlation and relationship between the soil properties and the weight of Vetiver root (Chrysopogon zizanioides) and the weight of plant root extract in the steep slope of Sangar Dam. The results showed that the weight of the roots of this plant increases with the increase of biological activities. On the side slopes of the Sangar-Gilan Dam reservoir, the diameter and weight of the roots were measured from the first level with a slope of 30-40 degrees, the second level with a slope of 40-50 degrees and the third level with a slope of 60-70 degrees. It has increased from the soil surface to a depth of 20 cm. The diameter of Vetiver plant roots increased in the first level 1.5 mm, the second level 2 mm and the third level 2.1 mm. The development of these roots and its deadly threads has increased the shear resistance of the soil in the first level by 20.74%, in the second level by 22.28% and in the third level by 25.95%. The roots of the Vetiver plant have led to an increase in the adhesion of soil particles and prevented the movement and sliding of the soil downstream of the side slope of the Sangar-Gilan Dam reservoir.

The results of this research showed that, in addition to strengthening pastures, fodder production, and the possibility of aromatic and industrial use, Vetiver planting has increased the shear resistance of the soil on the slope. In fact, the establishment of this plant leads to an increase in adhesion and shear strength of the soil. It seems that the Vetiver plant (Chrysopogon zizanioides) has the ability to consciously recognize and adapt to the planted environment and changes the density and weight of its roots in accordance with the change of slope for better establishment. Therefore, by increasing the root density (RAR), the internal friction angle of the soil is reduced and it becomes intelligently compatible with the environment. Considering the development of the root system of vetiver plant up to several meters in sloping slopes, it is a good choice to increase soil adhesion, increase shear resistance, and by rooting deep into the soil, it leads to preventing soil erosion and landslides. . It is suggested to plant vetiver plant on steep slopes due to its high adaptability in different climates and conditions, the possibility of several meters of root growth, to stabilize the soil and prevent sliding and erosion on steep slopes.
کلیدواژه ها [English]

Floods cause significant financial losses and loss of life in Iran every year and have detrimental effects on the sustainable development of watersheds. In terms of frequency, flood rank first among the world's natural disasters, and therefore studies related to flood management are very important. Considering climate change and rainfall patterns in the country, in recent years, it has been observed that in addition to changing the rainfall regime from snow to rain, rainfall intensity has increased and sometimes the total annual rainfall of a watershed is discharged in two or three events, which, considering the saturation of soil moisture in these conditions, causes severe floods. On the other hand, due to the destruction of vegetation in the country's watersheds, conditions are available for surface runoff, and ultimately the probability of flooding in most watersheds of the country has increased. One of the pillars of flood risk management is paying attention to vulnerability, which includes several factors. The purpose of this research is to develop a scientific framework for assessing the vulnerability to flooding in the Zarrineh Watershed.

In this research, various components including social, economic, organizational and infrastructural were considered to formulate the framework for assessing the watershed vulnerability to floods. For each of the components related to the above vulnerability, several thematic groups were defined, each of which included different variables. In the social vulnerability component, ‘percentage of illiterate population’, ‘percentage of children's and older population’, ‘the amount of cooperation and consultation’, and ‘population size’ were selected as variables. In terms of the economic vulnerability component, the variables of ‘percentage of mortgage or rent’, ‘the percentage of unemployment’, ‘percentage of population lacking vehicle’, and ‘percentage of supply dependency to the outside area’ were taken into consideration. The variables related to the component of institutional vulnerability were ‘without decision centers’ and ‘the percentage of cooperation with executive offices’. In addition, infrastructural vulnerability was investigated based on the variables of ‘percentage of residential units with low resistance’, ‘the percentage without telephone and mobile lines’, ‘percentage without internet access’, ‘the percentage of dirt roads’, and ‘percentage without health office’. After collecting the information of 18 villages of Zarineh Watershed from the relevant departments, as well as direct interviews with the residents of the watershed, the vulnerability of each village to floods was determined based on social, economic, institutional and infrastructure vulnerability indicators. Then, the total vulnerability index was calculated for each village and after its standardization at the scale of Zarineh Watershed, it was classified into five different groups: very low, low, medium, high and very high. Finally, the vulnerability index map of the entire Zarineh Watershed was produced.

Based on the results, Chehelcheshmeh, Golchidar and Obatu districts have the highest degree of social vulnerability, while the lowest degree of social vulnerability was assigned to Sara and Boyen districts. In terms of economic situation, Chehelcheshmeh, Obatu and Golchidar districts are the most vulnerable and Miradeh and Boyen districts are the least vulnerable. In terms of organizational vulnerability, Sahib, Imam, Sera, Zolfaghar and Namashir districts had the lowest level of vulnerability, but Chehelcheshmeh and Obatu districts showed the highest vulnerability value. In terms of infrastructural vulnerability, Boyen and Namashir districts had the best situation (lowest value of infrastructure vulnerability index) and Golchidar and Chehelcheshmeh districts showed the most critical situation. Finally, based on the total vulnerability index map, it can be stated that Chehelcheshmeh, Golchidar, and Obatu districts were the most vulnerable, and Boyen, Namashir, and Zolfaghar districts had the lowest total vulnerability index.

Based on the findings of this research, the framework based on social, economic, organizational, and infrastructural conditions has made it possible to prepare a flood vulnerability map of the watershed. The variables considered in the calculation of the total vulnerability index are selected in such a way that they cover different aspects and their information can be collected. The framework compiled in this research is flexible and depending on the diverse conditions of the country's watersheds, it is possible to consider other variables. The vulnerability map of Zarineh Watershed has provided useful information for decision makers and managers in flood management. Improving the condition of different parts of the Zarineh Watershed requires detailed planning of the executive bodies in accordance with their social, economic, organizational, and infrastructural conditions.

Nowadays, the importance of water and soil resource management and environmental conservation has become one of the main concerns in developmental planning. Watershed management, as a comprehensive approach for sustainable management and utilization of water and soil resources, plays a crucial role in improving the environmental, economic, and social conditions of various regions. The Baghamch Watershed in Chenaran County, with its unique geographical and climatic characteristics, has become one of the key areas for implementing watershed management projects. This area, with its valuable natural resources, particularly surface and groundwater, is highly impacted by climate change and human activities. Therefore, the improvement and preservation of these resources through effective watershed management measures not only contribute to environmental conservation but also have significant effects on enhancing the economic and social conditions of local communities. Watershed management can help improve rural livelihoods and strengthen the local economy by mitigating the negative effects of floods and droughts, improving soil and water quality, and creating new job opportunities. In this regard, understanding and evaluating these impacts in the Baghamch Watershed can serve as a model for similar regions and provide valuable information to policymakers and natural resource managers. This article examines the effects of watershed management on the improvement of the economic and social conditions of local communities in the Baghamch Watershed and aims to contribute to a clearer understanding of the benefits and challenges of this approach in sustainable development through data analysis and the outcomes of watershed management projects. It is hoped that the results of this study will help enhance management processes and improve the quality of life in local communities.

This research was conducted with the aim of examining the effects of watershed management on the improvement of the economic and social conditions of local communities in the Baghamch Watershed of Chenaran County. Accordingly, the improvement of economic conditions was assessed using 15 items, and the improvement of social conditions was evaluated using 11 items, both of which were included in a questionnaire. The research method was documentary, and for the completion of the questionnaire, a survey method was employed. The statistical population consisted of 50 individuals selected as a convenient sample. The measurement tool was a questionnaire, whose reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.851. Using SPSS software, the data extracted from the questionnaires were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, variance, and skewness, were utilized to determine the extent of the effects of watershed management on improving the economic and social conditions of local communities in the Baghamch Watershed of Chenaran County.

Considering the topic, watershed management in the Baghamch Watershed area has been able to, among the items related to the improvement of economic conditions mentioned in the questionnaire, significantly increase investment motivation in the agricultural sector, enhance the economic value of agricultural lands and orchards, and boost groundwater recharge, leading to an increase in the number of agricultural wells. These aspects were found to have the most impact. Among the items related to the improvement of social conditions, watershed management has effectively controlled and prevented flood damage to homes, agricultural lands, and orchards, and has also contributed to reducing poverty and unemployment in the village. Additionally, the participation of villagers can have a significant impact on the efficiency and success of watershed management operations in preserving and managing water and soil resources. Overall, the results showed that watershed management had a slightly greater impact on improving social conditions, with an average score of 2.587, compared to economic conditions, which had an average score of 2.502, in the local communities of the Baghamch Watershed.

The research results indicated that watershed management can be effective in the conservation and management of natural resources, including water and soil. In this context, the role of local communities should not be overlooked, as the participation of villagers can significantly influence the efficiency and success of watershed management operations in conserving and managing water and soil resources. In fact, the level of public participation in these projects largely depends on their satisfaction. The implementation of watershed management operations has led to improvements in economic conditions, such as increased cultivated land and agricultural and orchard areas, enhanced agricultural and orchard production, a rise in livestock numbers and pasture restoration, increased groundwater income, higher economic value of agricultural lands, and greater investment motivation, as well as the creation of job opportunities. Furthermore, watershed management operations have improved social conditions, including reduced migration rates, decreased poverty and unemployment, minimized flood damage to lands, homes, and communication routes, improved living standards, better tourism conditions, increased villagers' participation in implementation and supervision, heightened awareness of water management, and reduced social tensions in local communities.

Nowadays, the effects of climate change are visible across the globe, with frequent flooding and droughts being among the most significant. These two phenomena have many harmful effects, including economic, social, and environmental issues. Despite the flood phenomenon that occurs instantly and intensely, the drought phenomenon gradually affects the regions. Flood and drought phenomena in arid and semi-arid regions, including Kerman Province, have caused many destructive damage. Therefore, this study collects information on floods and droughts over the past two decades in Kerman Province to utilize the results for managing these events.

In the present review research, articles and reports related to flood and drought phenomena in Kerman Province (located in Iran) have been collected and studied, and in this regard, 49 practical articles in Persian (2004‒2024) and nine articles in English (2012‒2023) were analyzed. In a general classification, Kerman Province was divided into four regions based on the average latitude and longitude; respectively, the northwest and southeast regions accounted for 35% and 34% of citations and accounted for the largest amount of studies, and 73% of the sources of this research are related to studies of drought in the province, which shows the age of this phenomenon. In this study, 27% of the studies used questionnaires, and the most widely used statistical and analytical software used were SPSS statistical software with a share of 26% and GIS-based software with a share of 24%, respectively.

Flood and drought phenomena in Kerman Province have been increasing in intensity and frequency in recent years compared to the past, and their impact on society cannot be denied. The reduction of atmospheric precipitation and the onset of drought phenomena in Kerman province began in 1998 and is always seen with a fluctuating trend (moderate to severe drought) in all parts of the province. For example, statistics recorded in the Tanguieh Dam in Sirjan show that the average rainfall in this region has decreased from 185 mm in 1986-1997 to 158 mm in the period 2001-2002. Also, the average inflow to the basin between 2005-2001 was about 63 million cubic meters per year, which decreased by 86% to 8 million cubic meters in the period 2001-2002, which is due to the occurrence of drought and the lack of proper exploitation of the dam's upstream structures. Also, statistics recorded from the Jiroft Dam show that the average rainfall in this region between 1991-2001 was 194 mm, and since 2001-2002 it has decreased by 23% to 150 mm. The average inflow into the basin between 1991-2002 was about 680 million cubic meters per year, which decreased by 80% to 130 million cubic meters during 2001-2002. Regarding the floods that occurred, based on the statistics recorded at the hydrometric stations of Kerman province, 2294 flood days were recorded during the water years 2002-2019, with the average of the highest measured discharge volume related to the flood on 11/30/2016 being 33.833 (m3/day) and the peak discharge (m3/h) being 1202 at the Yalakhari station of the Nisa River in Bam. Considering the increasing trend of the occurrence of the aforementioned phenomena in the province, this research reviewed the studies conducted to examine the factors affecting the occurrence, consequences and damages caused by them, and management strategies to reduce flood and drought risks.

The summary of the results shows that the greatest threat to Kerman Province is the phenomenon of drought, from which the entire province suffers. According to the results, the slope of the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), during the statistical period 1980-1995 was +0.046, indicating a decrease in drought in the province, and in the statistical periods 1997-2000 and 2001-2011, it was -0.031 and -0.01, respectively, indicating an increase in the severity of drought in recent years. The occurrence of floods is also increasing, and this phenomenon has caused the most damage in the northwest-southeast belt of the province and in the highlands. These two phenomena leave very destructive effects in various fields, with the greatest damage being on social issues, followed by economic and environmental issues. It should also be noted that floods and droughts are not two separate phenomena and must be examined and evaluated together in order to provide the most appropriate solutions to overcome them. Therefore, given the thought-provoking results of this research, it is necessary to provide detailed planning with a long-term perspective in the field of water resources management and to pay attention to fundamental changes and developments in water-related laws.

In recent years, the country's watersheds have been exposed to man-made problems and sufferings such as erosion, floods, and droughts, leading to great yearly losses. To effectively manage watersheds, it is necessary to conduct appropriate and practical research, which in turn requires solving the problems related to this area. To identify and determine the problems of the research department, getting the opinions of experts, researchers, and elites and thinking together with them is considered a suitable solution, which can later solve problems and problems. This article intends to analyze their problems in soil conservation and watershed management based on common thinking with the research and education centers of agriculture and natural resources of the country.

Methods and materials:

For this purpose, these problems were collected based on the request of the SCWMRI from the agricultural and natural resources research and training centers of the province. Then, the announcements were categorized in two organizational and thematic ways (general and partial). In the organizational classification, each of the issues raised by the provinces was assigned to one of the departments according to their relationship with each of the organizational departments of the SCWMRI. In the subject classification, in the first stage, each of the issues raised by the provinces was assigned to three sub-sectors including research or technological, structural, and support, according to the nature of the subject. In the second stage, the issues raised by the provinces were assigned to more detailed categories according to the nature of the subject.

The results indicate that in this survey, 25 out of 32 provincial centers (78% participation) have announced 182 cases as problems in the research department in soil conservation and watershed management. Thematic classification of the announced instances showed that the subjects of knowledge-based productivity of watershed resources, watershed monitoring and evaluation, and solving the gap in the research department with implementation have the most importance with 28, 26, and 25 cases (15%, 14%, and 13%), respectively. The results of organizational classification also indicate that the departments of the directorate and research departments of watershed management and hydrology and water resources development have the most importance with 34, 28, and 24 cases (19%, 15%, and 14%), respectively.

Based on the results of this research, the managers and decision-makers of the research and implementation departments of soil and watershed protection in the country will be able to have better targeting for their future policies, strategies, and actions.