فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ فرهنگی
پیاپی 62 (زمستان 1403)

This article examines the role of the Gilani Constitutionalist in the formation of intellectual and political radicalism in the Iranian Constitutionalist era. The Constitutionalist Revolution ushered the Iranian world into a new era. The European Constitutionalist era was based on secularism and humanism, but the Iranian Constitutionalist era was an attempt to reconcile tradition and modernity. The Iranian Constitutionalist Revolution was formed as a justice-seeking and anti-tyranny movement with the aim of establishing the rule of law and limiting the power of the Shah. This movement affected not only Iran but also the surrounding regions of Iran. The Gilani Constitutionalist era, especially in the second stage of the Constitutionalist Revolution, played an important role in weakening the Qajar tyranny and reviving constitutionalism with a radical and revolutionary approach. The Gilanis, by using violent means and organizing revolutionary forces, especially in the conquest of Tehran, had a significant impact on the political and social developments of that period. The key question of the present research is based on this issue; What historical role did the Gilani people play in the constitutional movement and what were the characteristics of the Gilan Constitutional Movement This article analyzes the role of Gilani associations and press in promoting constitutional ideas and defending civil liberties. Also, the impact of Gilan's geography, livelihood, and international connections on the formation of intellectual and political radicalism in this region has been examined. Inspired by the ideas of Caucasian and European social democracy, especially during the period of the Minor Autocracy, the Gilani people tended towards radicalism and ultimately played a key role in the formation of the Second Parliament and the consolidation of the parliamentary system in Iran. By examining historical documents and sources, this article shows that the Gilani Constitutional Movement was not only a local movement, but also an influential current in the intellectual and political developments of contemporary Iran. The present article is examined using the historical method and in an analytical manner, using library and documentary data.

Colonialism in Asia began with the arrival of the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf in the 16th century CE (10th century AH). Utilizing their naval fleet, advanced technology, and fortified strongholds, the Portuguese seized control of maritime trade. These events profoundly influenced the history of the Persian Gulf, dividing it into pre-colonial and post-colonial periods. By employing cartographic methods, the Portuguese produced the first accurate maps of the Persian Gulf, detailing coastlines, islands, and ports. These maps were not only geographical tools but also reflections of Portugal’s colonial ambitions in the region. This research examines Portuguese maps from the 16th and 17th centuries CE (10th–11th centuries AH) through historical research methodology to understand key concepts related to the Persian Gulf’s history and their connection to Portugal’s colonial objectives. The study seeks to answer the following question: What were the primary motives behind Portugal’s creation of precise maps of the Persian Gulf, and how did these maps reflect Portugal’s military-economic priorities in the region It seems that these documents, aligned with Portugal’s interests in India such as controlling trade routes highlighted certain strategic points such as Hormuz in the eastern Persian Gulf while neglecting coastal and hinterland areas. This selective representation underscores the maps’ role as tools that served Portugal’s political and colonial interests within the framework of early colonial discourse

National anthems are concise and coherent texts that encapsulate a nation's identity perception during a specific period in the modern era. The various national anthems of Iran also represent one or more identity perceptions. This research, employing a descriptive-analytical approach and discourse analysis methodology, addresses the following question: How has the national identity of Iranians in the modern era been represented in the texts of Iran's national anthems from the Qajar period to the present The findings indicate that Iranian national anthems from the Qajar era to the present encompass four types of identity or identity discourses: threshold identity (Qajar period), monarchical identity (Pahlavi era), value-based identity (post-revolution), and existential (patriotic) identity. Each identity discourse also consists of four "structural" elements: the form of government (political system), ideology, homeland, and people. However, each identity discourse has only one intrinsic element: the intrinsic element in monarchical identity is the "king," in patriotic identity it is the "homeland," and in revolutionary value-based identity, it is "justice or truth." The nature of place (Iran as a location) differs in each of these discourses: in the monarchical discourse, place is a site for governance; in the patriotic discourse, it is a space for living; and in the revolutionary discourse, it serves as a value-based platform for disseminating a message.

Cultural history is an interdisciplinary discourse that proposes the cultural reading of artistic and literary texts to understand history. Based on this approach, literary texts can provide data on people's lived experiences and social transformations. The research question addressed in the present study is: How can a thematic analysis of dramatic texts represent the concept of "identity" within the framework of cultural history The aim of this study is to examine the play Mazar-e-Sharif by Mohammad Aref, and explores the confrontation between "human beings" and "war" in Afghanistan from a cultural and humanistic perspective. The method used is thematic analysis (thematic criticism) using Braun and Clarke’s model. Data were extracted and coded from dialogues, actions, and narrative symbols. The findings indicate that the central theme of the play is the loss of identity in the context of war, betrayal, migration, and cultural alienation. These themes are embodied in characters such as Molla Mohammad and Shokouh. The research concludes that Mazar-e-Sharif can serve as a dramatic text in the cultural historiography of Afghanistan and Iran, and a comparison with works by other Afghan writers can lead to a more precise analysis of identity transformations

The discovery and export of oil in recent decades led to the industrialization of Kharg Island, imposing massive transformations on the lives of its indigenous community. Acknowledging the overlooked adaptation of the native people to these changes—particularly their impact on women—this study primarily attempts to examine the influence of the oil industry on the transition of entire indigenous society in Kharg from tradition to modernity. To achieve this in-depth understanding, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, utilizing oral history methodology based on semi-structured, in-depth interviews with seven elderly indigenous women as their narratives, as the voices of the subaltern, provide a comprehensive insight into the transformations of the entire society, revealing hidden dimensions of these changes through a gender studies lens inspired by Joan Scott’s approach. The findings indicate that the establishment of the oil industry resulted in a more open social environment, changes in lifestyle (including food and clothing), the introduction of technology in the cultural sphere, and fundamental shifts in business and economic prosperity. This research also highlights the differing impacts of industrialization on men and women, as well as the contrast in their status during the Pahlavi and Islamic Republic eras.

Violence against children is a historical phenomenon observed not only in Iranian society but across all societies and historical periods. Despite the varied and scattered definitions of violence, it can be understood as any form of physical, emotional, or psychological harm inflicted upon an individual, with specific consequences. In Qajar-era Iran, violence against children emerged from a complex interplay of factors rooted in the political, economic, social, and cultural structures of the time. Thus, the main purpose of the present study was to investigate the factors contributing to violence against children and its various manifestations in the Qajar period, based on Johan Galtung’s theory of violence. This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing library-based data collection. Findings from foreign travelogues of the Qajar era revealed different forms of violence against children, including direct, structural, and cultural violence. Direct violence included child massacres and physical punishment, which were prevalent in both society and families. Structural violence manifested itself through poverty, lack of access to education, healthcare, and other basic necessities for children. Meanwhile, cultural violence was evident in the institutionalization of values and norms that legitimized discrimination and the humiliation of children in the Qajar society