پژوهشنامه تاریخ های محلی ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 25 (پاییز و زمستان 1403)

Authoritative and vertical reforms were repeated throughout the Qajar period; because the "Eslaahaat" of Abbas Mirza the Crown Prince as the origin of modernism in the contemporary period did not reach the desired outcome. As the seat of the crown prince, Azerbaijan was the starting point and a model for implementing reforms. Apart from the general obstacles, the specific characteristics of Azerbaijan also affected the process of modernization. It refers to the challenges that were not only related to the local culture and social relations of Azerbaijan, but also expressed the level of political knowledge and concerns of the Dar al-Sultaneh courtiers. The purpose of this research is to clarify the nature of these challenges and prove the hypothesis that the lack of examination of the local status as well as the structural irregularity in providing the theoretical framework caused the partial failure of Abbas Mirza's reforms in Azerbaijan. According to the findings, due to the lack of creating an organization that follows the codified logical mechanism which only concerned with the popular interests, the efforts of the crown prince and his companions in Tabriz were almost stopped with his death. However, what the crown prince started in Azerbaijan became the model for the subsequent modernist movements throughout the Qajar era. The approach of this research is analytical and it was done based on the main sources in the library method..

The Safavid dynasty came to power with the help of the Turkic Ghazalbash of Asia Minor, but with the passage of time, non-Turkish clans were also able to play a role in the new political system. Meanwhile, some Kurdish clans were noticed by the Safavid kings. The present study examines the history of the presence and residence of the Chegini Kurdish tribe in some areas of Khorasan; That is, the area that was not the main residence of the Kurdish people. Contrary to what is often thought, the presence of Kurds in parts of Khorasan region is not limited to the reign of Shah Abbas I (1038-996 AH), but before that, some Kurdish clans had migrated to Khorasan, which until now has received less attention. has been The current research is trying to look at the roots of the migration of Chegini Kurdish tribe and the quality of their presence in the political and social levels of Khorasan during the Safavid era. The results of this research indicate that there is a significant relationship between the role of the Cheginis in power and their reflection in the field of historical writings, so that during the period of lack of power, the name of the clan is rarely seen in the sources, and during the peak of Cheginis power We often see their presence in historical sources, and therefore, the presence and absence of a tribe in its sources can indicate historical developments..

Khuzestan was considered one of the country's important economic regions between 1925 and 1941. Accordingly, preventing infectious diseases from entering the country from the borders made it more necessary to address the health situation in this region. This research used a historical method and descriptive-analytical approach library and documentary studies, to examine the health and treatment situation in Khuzestan and the sub-set of organizations responsible for health and treatment under the General Health Administration in this region during the first Pahlavi period. The research results indicate that Khuzestan's border location, city pollution, and bad weather were pathogenic factors in Khuzestan. Also, with the start of the oil company's work and the increase in foreign travel and immigration to Khuzestan, the risk of infectious diseases in this area increased. As a result, this area needed a lot of healthcare services. However, by examining the healthcare services of the first Pahlavi period in Khuzestan, it is clear that while the services provided by the Health Department in the area of infectious disease control were relatively good, the number of clinics in Khuzestan was not adequate, considering its population. The cleaning and improvement of the city, which was the municipality's responsibility, was also inadequate.

At the beginning of the Pahlavi dynasty, public health and medical conditions in Khuzestan were poor in various aspects, including access to clean drinking water, prevalence and treatment of diseases, personal and public hygiene, medical facilities, and health awareness. This research adopts a historical methodology with a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on library resources, documents, and publications, to answer its central question: How did the health and medical conditions in Khuzestan’s cities—such as Ahvaz, Abadan, Khorramshahr, Shushtar, Dezful, Masjed Soleiman, and Behbahan—change during Reza Shah’s era compared to the Qajar periodThe results show that despite some health and medical measures implemented during the early Pahlavi period—including the establishment of new medical centers, enforcement of health regulations, mass vaccination, supervision of medical staff, construction of sanitary facilities (e.g., laundries, mortuaries, irrigation systems), paving and asphalting of streets, and promotion of personal and public hygiene awareness—the health and medical conditions in Khuzestan’s cities remained unsatisfactory. However, with the gradual continuation of these measures until the late Reza Shah era, relative progress was achieved in the region’s health and medical structure compared to the Qajar period.Nevertheless, due to challenges such as incorrect health and medical beliefs among the population, insufficient funding, and the lack or absence of essential health institutions (e.g., hospitals, medical staff, and public health departments) in some cities, health and medical problems in Khuzestan persisted.

During the Qajar era, eastern Iran was an important arena for the direct presence of foreigners in the international relations arena, due to its special strategic location, the autonomy of its ruling families, and the weakness of the central government there. One of the most influential figures in this region at the end of this period was "Shaukat al-Mulk II" (1881-1944 AD). A person who was known during his reign for collaborating with the British and establishing the most extensive relations with them. The present study has examined the nature of these relationships and positions using library, documentary, and interview sources, as well as the historical method and descriptive-analytical approach. The main question of this research is: "What were Shaukat al-Mulk Alam's relations with the British in the province of Qaynat and what effects did these relations have on this region". But based on the main question, the findings of the research are: Shaukat al-Molk, aware of the weakness of the Qajars, established friendly relations with the British during his reign to maintain his leadership and stabilize his position, and made eastern Iran a safe base for them. However, these friendly relations in regional affairs led to weakness and decline in various matters, especially in economic matters, and led to the spread of social discontent..

During the reign of the Safavid’s Iran, a new chapter in Iran-Europe relations was established in various political, economic, and cultural dimensions. The collection of geographical information about Iran by Europeans was one of the most significant outcomes of the expanding relations between Iran and Europe during this historical period. This effort not only appeared in written records but also manifested in the production of geographical maps. Olearius's travelogue about Iran, including a geographical map of Iran appended to it, is one of the most prominent examples of European efforts to acquire geographical knowledge about Safavid’s Iran. In this geographical map, alongside references to various human and natural phenomena, a natural feature named "Lake Babacamber" was located in the northern part of the Khorasan province. In this context, the central question of the article is: What is the historical origin of the name Babacamber attributed to a lake in Khorasan, and why did Olearius use this name to identify the lake This research aimed to answer this question through a library-based approach, employing a comparative and analytical method to examine historical and geographical data reflected in local chronicles, lesser-known manuscripts, historical maps, geographical writings, literary works, historiography, and European geographical encyclopedias. This article's assessment reveals that although the location of the lake on Olearius's map encounters minor discrepancies, a comparative and analytical approach shows that the lake in question is indeed Saryqamysh Lake, located between the Khwarezm Lake and the Caspian Sea. Olearius chose the name Baba Qanbar for it. Comparing Olearius's chosen name with a range of historical sources, including local chronicles, lesser-known manuscripts, historical maps, geographical writings, literary works, historiography, and European geographical encyclopedias, demonstrates that the name Baba Qanbar on Olearius’s map refers to one of the servants and attendants of Imam Ali (AS), named Qanbar, who, along with his descendants, lived in Khorasan for some time. According to historical evidence, Qanbar and his descendants gained significant social status in Khorasan, to the point that some mosques in Khorasan were named after Qanbar and his family. Due to Qanbar's religious and social stature, his name found its way into various historical, literary, and religious texts. A prominent example of this is the addition of the Sufi prefix "Baba" to his name, which is even reflected in Olearius's map. Because of Qanbar's social and religious fame in Khorasan, it provided a basis for cartographers like Adam Olearius to name the lake in the northern part of Khorasan province Baba Qanbar.

One of the important families of Jiroft is the Mehni family, which played an important role in the history of this region during the Safavid period. In that period, this family was established in Esfandaqeh region and had control over it and other parts of Jiroft, at least Sardoye, and the administration of these parts was under their responsibility. Descendants of this family with the last name of Abu Saeidi-Mehni were still considered as the owners and heads of Esfandaqeh district until the end of the Pahlavi era. One of the few intact old buildings in Jiroft City and of course the most important of them, the tomb of Mir hHeidar, belongs to this family. This structure, which is located in Dolat Abad Village, the center of Esfandaqeh district of Jiroft city, is attributed to one of the members of the family named Mir Heidar. Generally, this building is considered to be a tomb, belonging to the Safavid period, attributed to Mir Heidar. In this building, there are 15 graves belonging to different time periods (from the Safavid era to the contemporary times), all of which belong to the Mehni family. TThe present research, which was conducted using a historical method, has yielded two results first, reconstructing part of the history of this family during the Safavid period - from the early 11th century to the early 12th century AH - and second, proposing the possibility that the tomb of Amir Haydar Esfandighe was not built at the end of the Safavid period, as is commonly believed, but rather in the middle of this period.

 Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad, known as Ibn al-Asha'th (died 85 AH), was a prominent political and military figure during the Umayyad Caliphate. He was first sent to the Emirate of Sistan by al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Shaqafi at the head of a large and well-equipped army in recognition of his services to the Umayyads, in order to suppress rebellions, consolidate the authority of the Umayyad government, and eliminate its threats. After stopping the war in the territory of Ratbil and angering Hajjaj over this, he changed his political stance towards the Umayyads and joined their opposition. In this research, which was conducted using a historical method and relying on library resources, the causes and consequences of the people of Sistan supporting Ibn Ash'ath in the fight against the Umayyads were examined and analyzed, and an attempt was made to answer the main question: What were the most important reasons for the people of Sistan supporting Ibn Ash'ath in the fight against the Umayyads, and what were the effects and consequences It seems that the oppression and tyranny of the Umayyad rulers towards the people of Sistan, the violation of Islamic values, racial discrimination and humiliation of the people, the opposition of scholars and Shiites to the Umayyad Caliphate, and the imposition of huge financial and human costs in that region are among the most important political, social, cultural, and economic causes that provoked the people of Sistan against the Umayyads. Although these struggles apparently resulted in defeat, they further revealed the anti-Islamic nature of the Umayyad rule and dealt a fatal blow to the body of their government. Of course, after that, with the establishment of peace on the eastern borders of Sistan, the financial and human costs for the people of the region were reduced. .

 The American missionaries of the Congregationalist sect were the first American missionary group to introduce the Iranian community to America in the early 19th century. For some reason, the missionaries of this sect gave way to the Presbyterian missionaries in Iran in 1870 AD/1286 AH, and they were able to attract the attention of the Iranian community through educational, cultural, and health measures. The Presbyterian mission activities during the Qajar period faced numerous challenges, including the Kurds, who created obstacles in their way. This paper attempts to answer the question of why and how the Kurds hindered the missionary activities of the American missionaries in Iran. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, attempts to address the role of the Kurds in creating obstacles to the activities of the American Mission in Iran during the Qajar era. The hypothesis of the present research is based on the fact that the negative confrontations of the Kurds with the Christians of western Iran led to rebellions, murders, and insecurity in these regions, and in the meantime, the missionaries' support for the Christians faced them with various challenges from the Kurds. The research findings show that the American Mission's efforts to support the Christians of western Iran forced them to interact with the Kurds, but the xenophobia of the Kurds and the efforts that the Mission made to Christianize them after the defeat of the Sheikh Ubeydullah rebellion created numerous challenges for the Mission.

Bushehr Nazmia was one of the modern institutions in the first Pahlavi government, which the then government used to establish its dominance and influence in Bushehr. Although the task of establishing order and security and providing order to the affairs of the citizens was initially the responsibility of the Bushehr government and the sheriff, but with the establishment of Nazmia, a new order in the field of control and supervision of public order and dealing with various laws and crimes in the four neighborhoods of the city and the surrounding areas. It happened. This research seeks to address the role and influence of the Bushehr order in establishing order and security. The research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on library sources and archival documents. The results of the research show that the Bushehr order and its first leaders in the years At the beginning of the activity, they were faced with various problems and dilemmas, such as the lack of adequate budget and financial resources to provide the military force, as well as the failures of the Bushehr Sheriff and other related organizations in monitoring the city, but over time, with the stabilization and definition of the place of order in the police affairs of Bushehr, by the central government, it was able to establish order and security in its defense area and, despite the weakness and indecisiveness of its human force, to a large extent, it improved urban security and order in Bushehr.

 As the most prominent city in the Kohgiluyeh region (located in southwestern Iran), “Deh Dasht” has always maintained a geographical and historical connection with the southeastern parts of Khuzestan (particularly the city of Behbahan), throughout its centuries-long history. Despite Deh Dasht’s strategic importance and its decisive role in certain political developments in southwestern Iran in recent centuries, no dedicated research has been conducted on its coinage history and there is no reference to the activity of Deh Dasht Mint during the Islamic era in most numismatic sources. However, 9 extremely rare coins from the mentioned mint were recently discovered, all dating back to the first half of the “Safavid Era” (AH 907–1135), and introduced by a specialized website. This author seeks to adopt a descriptive-analytical approach to introduce these coins and elucidate their main characteristics to highlight the significance of Deh Dasht Mint and the reasons for its operation during part of the tenth century AH. According to our findings, the mentioned coins are silver, weighing approximately one mithqal, with a nominal value of “Two Shahies” (= one Mahmudi), and were minted in AH 949, coinciding with the mid-reign of “Shah Tahmasp I”. Historical evidence suggests that these coins were produced around the time of the quashing of the Then-Governor of Dezful when Safavid troops were deployed near Kohgiluyeh. As the principal city of the region, Deh Dasht was an optimal location for establishing a temporary mint to supply part of the monetary needs of the King’s army. Consequently, a number of highest-value silver Safavid coins were struck in the township of Kohgiluyeh. The inscriptions on these coins, written in Naskh script, include “The name of the Reigning King,” “The names of the Imams” (Peace be upon them), and the “Triple Shahada” (testimonies) or solely “Ali Wali Allah”. Thus, in addition to their monetary function, these coins also served to announce the reassertion of Safavid Shiite Sovereignty over the southwestern regions of Iran.

The subject of this study is the MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR (Transoxiana), one of the key Islamic lands, in Islamic maps from the ninth to the sixteenth century. Maps are known as important documents for understanding the political system and land divisions in historical periods, and Muslims were able to leave a rich source of scientific data during the 8th to 16th centuries with accurate geographical scientific texts and updated maps. The research focuses on the representation of MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR in these maps, the extent of cities, natural situations and related concepts. Using the method of historical research and analysis of thirteen linear maps in the archives of Iran and Saudi Arabia, the researcher has tried to provide matches between the locations of the maps and their current positions. These matches are especially important in identifying the location of some cities that were lost for various reasons or were placed in wrong places. The research findings, with the aim of identifying places and determining their correct positions, help to introduce the content of important map documents and the contribution of Muslim and Iranian cartographers to the scientific and geographical heritage. This study not only adds to the wealth of geographical knowledge, but also allows researchers to have a better understanding of the historical and geographical developments of this land and to better understand the role of MĀ WARĀʾ AL-NAHR in the history of Islam.