نشبریه آمایش فضا و ژئوماتیک
سال بیست و نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 127، بهار 1404)

Evaporation serves as a significant factor in the hydrological deficit experienced by Lake Urmia, thereby exerting a vital influence on its overall water equilibrium. The evolution of satellite sensor technology has facilitated the acquisition of a comprehensive range of satellite imagery, underscoring the necessity for meticulous evaluation in the assessment of lake evaporation. This research endeavor is designed to quantify daily evaporation rates from Lake Urmia through the integration of Landsat 8 and 9 imagery from the year 2022, while concurrently assessing the efficacy of physical, empirical, and remote sensing methodologies. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a total of 21 satellite images, wherein the FAO56-PM, Priestley-Taylor, and Hargreaves-Samani models, in conjunction with the remote sensing techniques of the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and Mapping Evapotranspiration at High Resolution and with Internalized Calibration (METRIC), were executed within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) framework. The resultant model outputs were corroborated against pan evaporation data obtained from the Urmia meteorological station, which served as the reference ground truth dataset. The analysis indicated that SEBAL, when utilized without a correction factor, exhibited superior accuracy, achieving a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.83 mm/day and a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) value of 0.48. Upon the implementation of a correction factor, the FAO56-PM model produced optimal outcomes, with an RMSE of 1.04 mm/day and an NSE of 0.18. In summary, SEBAL surpassed the performance of the other models, attributable to its dependence on satellite-derived imagery. Moreover, the amalgamation of satellite data with empirical modeling approaches holds significant potential for enhancing water resource management strategies within the context of Lake Urmia.

Passive defense, recognized as a critical mechanism for alleviating the susceptibility of essential infrastructures and human communities to natural, anthropogenic, and biological hazards, occupies a unique and significant role within strategic planning paradigms. In light of the fact that a plethora of studies are conducted annually within this field, a bibliometric evaluation of these scholarly endeavors is considered imperative. Hence, the principal aim of this investigation is to delineate the conceptual architecture of Persian research related to passive defense as indexed in the (ISC) database, while concurrently identifying prominent subdomains and multifaceted dimensions of the passive defense framework. The inquiry scrutinizes the academic landscape of this field from 2005 to 2023, pinpointing fundamental research clusters, conceptual dimensions, and pivotal themes within each cluster. This research utilizes bibliometric methodologies and co-word analysis to examine 615 documents extracted from the (ISC) database, with the objective of charting trends in passive defense scholarship throughout the designated timeframe. Cluster analysis and strategic diagrams were employed to visually represent the conceptual framework of the research, delineate subfields, and investigate interrelationships among them. The conceptual architecture of passive defense research encompasses 11 clusters: Fundamentals of passive defense, Urban planning and passive defense, Urban architecture and passive defense, Vulnerability and passive defense, Security and passive defense, Passive defense and crisis management, Active defense paradigms, Medical centers and passive defense, Emergencies and passive defense, Passive defense and information & communication technology, and Location planning and passive defense. Furthermore, the examination of articles published over the past 19 years has illuminated emerging topics within the discipline. The findings indicate a gradual transition in passive defense research from foundational theories to increasingly intricate, interdisciplinary themes, reflecting shifting priorities and challenges. This study furnishes policymakers and scholars with valuable insights to formulate strategic frameworks, identify research deficiencies, and direct future inquiries into passive defense. It accentuates the growing convergence of passive defense with various academic disciplines, thereby underscoring opportunities for innovation and policy harmonization.

Urban growth boundaries are considered one of the key tools for controlling and managing the physical development of metropolitan areas. Uncontrolled and unplanned expansion in these regions has become a major challenge for urban and regional planners and managers, as this process leads to the destruction of agricultural lands and natural resources. The aim of this research is to simulate and assess future changes in growth boundaries in the Isfahan metropolitan area with the goal of preserving environmental resources and controlling physical expansion. In this regard, by adopting a positivist approach that follows an analytical and measurement-driven process, satellite imagery was utilized to assess changes in the physical expansion of the Isfahan metropolitan area. Artificial neural networks and machine learning algorithms were employed to predict the extent of future physical growth, and the projected growth boundaries were delineated. The research findings indicate that the Isfahan metropolitan area has experienced significant uncontrolled expansion, particularly in terms of physical development, over recent decades, and the reduction of agricultural and natural lands has become one of its major challenges. Based on the conducted simulations, the proposed growth boundaries can serve as an effective tool for managing and planning urban-regional development and preventing further degradation of natural resources and lands.

Rural edifices exhibit a significant susceptibility to seismic events due to their irregular architectural configurations and non-adherence to established construction standards. Considering that village leaders bear the legal responsibility for supervising rural construction initiatives, this research seeks to explore the challenges they encounter in fostering sustainable rural development within Mazandaran Province, Iran. The study utilized a descriptive-survey methodology, with a statistical population comprising 250 village leaders from regions where the Hadi Plan has been enacted. Through the application of the Krejcie and Morgan sampling table, a sample of 151 individuals was extracted. Data collection was conducted via a questionnaire designed by the researcher, whose validity was substantiated by subject matter experts, and whose reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha (exceeding 0.8). The results indicated that illicit construction practices persist widely, while village leaders face a myriad of challenges, including a deficiency of skilled labor, insufficient compensation, and disjointed administrative responsibilities. These impediments were classified into six dimensions: social-educational, institutional-managerial, infrastructural-technological, administrative-political, economic-structural, and legal. The paramount concern identified was the deficiency of education and public awareness pertaining to safe construction methodologies, coupled with limited involvement from the community. The investigation underscores the necessity for a holistic approach to the governance of rural construction, accentuating the importance of capacity building, policy reform, and community engagement to promote sustainable rural development.

The accelerated and unsystematic urbanization prompted by demographic expansion, coupled with the escalating vulnerabilities stemming from both natural and anthropogenic factors, culminates in instability, particularly within the deteriorated and inefficient residential sectors of urban environments. Consequently, it is imperative in contemporary discourse to prioritize the advancement of the physical sustainability of housing, grounded in the principles and theories pertaining to resilience. The objective of this inquiry is to scrutinize and implement the resilience of housing structures situated within the degraded urban fabric of the 7th district, which encompasses 13 neighborhoods over an expanse of 1,970,383 square meters, and to investigate the implications of this resilience on the sustainability of urban resources. This research adopts an applied-developmental methodology, employing descriptive-analytical techniques to evaluate the resilience of housing structures within the specified area, leveraging data sourced from the Housing and Urban Development Organization, the Statistical Center, and municipal records. The data has been meticulously extracted and classified according to indicators such as structural frameworks, chronological age of buildings, permeability rates, vertical extent, material classifications, structural integrity, and particle size distribution within the residential milieu. To analyze and unveil patterns, regression methodologies and spatial autocorrelation techniques were employed for layer weighting, accompanied by spatial distribution analysis utilizing local Moran's I (Anselin local Moran's) through GIS and Geoda software at the neighborhood level within the 7th district. The findings reveal that, notwithstanding a substantial area categorized within the medium to non-resilient spectrum of resilience classification, the resilience dynamics across the neighborhoods exhibit diverse trends and effects, with its spatial distribution demonstrating a pronounced concentration in the eastern sector of the district.

"In light of the accelerating pace of urban population growth and the rising demand for adequate housing, futures studies-recognized as a contemporary discourse grounded in participatory approaches-has increasingly been integrated into urban housing planning, fostering the development of forward-looking and strategic perspectives in the field. The present study was conducted with the aim of strategic housing planning in khorramabad city based on scenario writing by identifing key and strategic factors affecting the city's housing planning and preparing scenarios for the housing situation in khorramabad city. " This study is applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-analytical in nature. Methodologically, it employs futures studies and is based on a strategic approach, utilizing strategic analyses to examine the subject matter. In this study, 30 urban planning and participated in it housing experts from khorramabad city , selected by snowball method, “After identifying the set of effective drivers in the strategic housing planning of Khorramabad city”these drivers were analyzed using the Cross-Impact Analysis method, leading to the development of six future housing scenarios for the city: optimistic, desirable, status quo, realistic, pessimistic, and critical. As a result of the scenario analysis, a set of proposed strategies and policy recommendations were formulated to support the improvement of the future housing situation in Khorramabad. These include: Encouraging investment in deteriorated urban fabrics. Increasing building density in areas with development potential. Upgrading and renovating residential units in historical districts. Promoting housing development through targeted government support. Utilizing vacant lands with planning potential. Controlling extreme fluctuations in the housing market. Enhancing citizens' per capita income to improve housing affordability.