نشریه بانوان شیعه
پیاپی 3 (بهار 1384)

This paper studies women from historic, legal and mystical points of view making it crystal clear that Islam has given her dignity and identity in these fields. Considering celebrated women in the Holy Qura’n, it becomes clear that women can bring about sublimity in a society by having a faithful and mystical presence in it. In our Islamic Revolution it was proved that women could, while keeping their modesty, play a role in all fields, especially in the Holy Defense. It is a clear reason that women can protect themselves as well as societies by protecting their religious identity.

The relation between freedom and gender is one of the most controversial topics that has been, on account of different reasons, the thinkers’ focus of attention.Divine religions are the best authority for interpreting concepts such as freedom and equality and the best resource for addressing the cultural and social problems posed every time in a new fashion demanding new treatments in accordance with new situations. To understand the limits of sexual freedom in enjoying multifarious rights, this paper considers equality in creation as the root of all differences in great revealed religions of Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Based on Jewish and Christian beliefs, some Jews and Christians regard Eve’s original sin and her inferiority in creation as the main reason to justify inequalities. In this connection, the Holy Qur’an discloses many facts.

It may be said that one of the most important factors that has saved Islam and even Shicism in the course of history, was women’s presence in social, political and literary fields and even their active participation in family affairs. The present paper treats the activities of five Shicite orator women against Mu’awiya. Their main characteristics were courage, wisdom, eloquence in speech and utilization of poetry to defend their beliefs and support the guardianship and imamate of Hadrat Ali (peace be upon him).

Given the theories and studies made in the fields of psychology and sociology, this paper discusses some of women’s multiple roles and responsibilities in the present arena and the factors influential in children’s personality formation. Mother’s influence on child’s mental development in spheres of “acculturation” and “socialization”, is among those confirmed by the pure imams (peace be upon them). In this connection, the author has treated the mother’s impact in areas such as creating proper motives in child to do a certain action in different situations, setting an example and encouraging endorsed actions. Similarly, by giving pre-birth strategies (e.g. getting married) and post-birth strategies (e.g. considering child’s behavior pattern, choosing playmates, coevals, school etc.), she has pointed out how mother can control these areas effectively.

Here “educated women” means women educated in modern or traditional educational centers. The importance of their role is first discussed in regard with women themselves and then, by generalization, with others.The role of educated women in founding and consolidating a family has different consequences for various settings. Here the role of educated women is treated in the following four stages: 1) the beginning of acquaintance 2) love and courtship 3) proposal 4) transition from proposal to marriage.The role of educated women towards others is subsequently discussed in areas of research, education and management. In the course of discussion, the author has treated their role after founding a family. In this regard, he has first assessed their role in planning for the family, approaching new problems and then he has focused on their role towards others.Concluding discussion, the author introduces family institution and educated women’s role in terms of a “system theory”.

The sublime and noble character of Fatimah bint Asad (peace be upon her) from among the combatant and emigrant women of early Islam is considered personally and legally, that is, her role in approaching the holy Prophet and upbringing Hadrat Ali (peace be upon him). Moreover, mention will be made of her knowledge, devotion, combats and her participation in cultural, political and social affairs. Among the issues considered, will be her conscious faith, religious vision, resistance in preservation and expansion of Islamic values, physical and ideological proximity to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and Hadrat Ali (peace be upon him), being an exemplary woman, enjoyment of both rationality and spirituality.

Considering the veil’s origins in Islamic religious sects and other religions, this paper has treated some questions about the philosophy of the veil. It has considered the following:•The effect of the veil on maintaining security•Consolidation of family •Discouragement of prostitution As a result, the veil does not isolate women; rather it makes her presence in societies easier.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination counts among the most important and influential international agreements. For the reason that some negative symptoms of practicing the conventions employing increase day by day in Western countries, it is worth analysing the strategies of CEDAW and its influence on the social situation of different countries. The opinions of some western intellectuals will be reflected, as well.Afterwards, the other side of the medal of the strategies of CEDAW which is normally ignored by Western media and the supporters of CEDAW will be shown with the help of data and statistics.

The third wave of feminism, under the influence of post-modern thought, reduces science to language structure and eventually to sexuality assuming that male domination has brought about a male science and a male language. Based on this viewpoint, Qur’an, revealed in Arabic, has a masculine identity.However the fact is that the Qur’an does not include sexuality in human reality and that is why most of the Qura’nic calls refer to human reality, even in cases where calls are made with masculine pronouns.

Women’s employment has been influenced by the attention paid to women’s role in family constitution and child upbringing. Considering the place of Iranian Muslim women, policies of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, religious beliefs, and the laws concerning family affairs, the author has treated some problems discussing different points of view.While assessing religious and cultural beliefs, she has referred to Qura’nic examples and prophetic traditions to make it clear that adopting any policy regarding women, women’s rights, duties and particularly their employment is based on the approach one has towards women. As a matter of fact, this discussion is based on one’s approach towards humanity and its place in existence at large. The main aim of the paper is to study the cultural obstacles in the way of women’s employment and give suggestions for removing them.

Nahla Gharavi Na’iniTo learn and disseminate the teachings of the innocent Imams (peace be upon them), Shiite women have learned a lot from those noble Imams, transmitting them to the following generations. They were thus regarded as those reporting from fourteen immaculates (peace be upon them) and teaching the others valuable things.Imam Husayn (peace be upon him) is the third Imam and the righteous successor of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). He lived among Muslims from 3 to 61 year of hijra. During the period, women, like his sisters, wives, daughters and followers lived with him reporting to others about his conducts and life-style. This paper, throws light on the biography of some of these women.

In the small dessert of Karbala, all basic religious values including guardianship (wilayat), prayer, veil, patience, faith, enjoining the truth and prohibiting wrong, love of the Prophet’s descendants (Tawalla) and enmity towards the enemies of the Prophet’s descendants (Tabarra) were manifested by all, including suckling infants, children, youngsters, young and old men and women. In the event of cAshura, Allah has paid special attention to women so as to best show their connection to Divine Guardianship, teach them how to defend it, play their wifely, sisterly and daughterly roles in religious culture, reject violence, materialism and slavery to materialistic culture by dint of love and devotion and present a new religious point of view to the world.