فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 6، زمستان 1383)

Gender inequality is common to all societies. Elaborating women’s subordination in terms of power, status, and their small share in all forms of capital constitutes a basic trend in feminist studies. Feminism and radical feminism in particular, emphasizes inequality within the family, as the central location of gender socialization. Some sociological theories emphasize subjective factors over the structural ones. Women’s gender ideology and gender stereotypes, in addition to gender socialization and gendered division of labour, help to reproduce gender inequality. The aim of this survey is to study the factors that affect gender inequality. Here, we consider gender ideology and gender stereotypes that seem more important. In the city of Kerm􀆗n and its surrounding villages, 682 married women were included in the survey. The results showed that there is gender inequality in this area, and that some factors such as education, age, members of the family, gender socialization, gender stereotypes, and ideology affected gender inequality.

The aim of this article is to identify indicators that demonstrate socioeconomic status of women that influence women’s mental health. The findings of this study indicate that women have multiple socioeconomic statuses, which are multidimensional and are also effective in the emergence of mental illness. From this point of view, there are many variables to estimate the socioeconomic status of women. Some of the most important variables include: women’s access to public/private resources, and the status of male-headed household.

Given the holy Qur􀆗n’s explicit statement, many Islamic jurisprudents forbid abortion. Yet, through a change in topic of the subject, that is by converting it to abortion therapy, one may attempt to obtain a second verdict on the issue, one which considers it as a proper act under certain circumstances: where pregnancy or delivery may contain difficulty and constraints for either mother or the child resulting in loss of life or bodily health, or where the mother is under severe psychological stress, which may make her unable to continue with pregnancy, or where the embryonic abnormality and organ deformation may exist. In such a second verdict, there is no difference between pre- or post-soul formation since the difference of these two stages is a difference of potential and actual human being. If we say that the two religious verdicts, that is, the necessity of maintaining the mother’s life, and impropriety of abortion are not in tune and are in disturbing each other in practice in such a way that taking on one is equal of violating the other, one may attempt to reconcile the issue by taking into account the degree of importance of each of the verdicts. Therefore one may resort to a verdict, which seems more important than the other, and thus adopt a verdict that contains less loss. Finally, if one finds no way of weighing the importance, he can see them as equal and declare mother as free to choose between the two, that is, to choose between her life or that of the embryo, thus leaving the option of abortion open to her.

This research has been carried out to find out the relationship between spouse annoying sadism and suicide tendency with feeling of hurting spouse in women who have been subject to violent behaviour of their husbands in Tehra�n. The sample which was studied contains 97 of women who have been victims of violence. This sampling procedure is available in Family Count of 1 and 2. Data gathering objects contain: 1- A violence evaluation inventory which evaluates 4 Types of violence, separately, such as: Psychological, Physical, Sexual, and Economic violence; 2- Inventory prepared by research, evaluates tendency to suicide and feeling of hurting spouse, on the one hand, and family support received by the women who have been victims of violence. Findings were: 1- Among many types of violence which mentioned above, psychological one has the most dependency and relationship to suicide tendency and feeling of hurting spouse. Although the women who have been victim of violent behaviour and whom were also the recipients of support bytheir family, still tended to committing suicide and hurting their husbands; 2- Comparing the women who their education degrees were high school diploma, B.A., or higher with more lowly educated women, the first group had less tendency to suicide and feeling of hurting their husbands.

This study examines patterns of gender roles and cultural stereotypes concerning femininity and masculinity in a group of girl students. The method is questionnaire and the aim is to reach an understanding of gender roles through surveying their psychological characteristics. Findings show that girl students under study exhibit significant gender roles difference. In other words, there is a difference in subjective patterns of femininity and masculinity. Moreover, there is a relationship between socioeconomic and cultural patterning and the students’ gender roles. Findings also show that gender is a dynamic, fluid, and changing phenomenon, and that gender roles constitute a set of characters which haveto be updated and continuously discussed.