نشریه پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 5، زمستان 1383)

Breast milk is the most complete food for infants during the first six months of their life. Unfortunately, in the recent decades, they are deprived from this Divine affluence, for different reasons. Whereas the studies are insisted in advantages of breast milk and correct breast feeding methods. Among theses, supporting of breast feeders specially employed mothers must be taken in consideration, in order to secure their convenience and mental tranquillity in work fields, so that mother's occupation, despite their interest and awareness, doesnt lead to breast feeding cut off during the important first six months period. Method & Materials: This is a descripto/cross sectiono/Retrospective study carried out between two groups of mothers including school teachers and employees working in Urmia hygienoremedial centers. We used simple random sampling method and a questionnaire for sampling and data gathering. the administrative obstacles mentioned in this study included postpartum leave, longness of working hours, lack of managers cooperation and breastfeeding time, lack of keeping the infants in workshops, undesired economical condition, etc. Increasing the postpartum leave up to at least six months, and securing workshops possibilities along with necessary education of employees and managers, and drawing their attention to the breastfeeding importance are among the instances that can be done in order to supporting of employed breast feeders for their successful feeding. Meanwhile by conducting necessary education in the field of correct breastfeeding methods and creating interest in mothers we can continue this process. We hope that doing these kinds of supports lead to increasing breastfeeding among female employees of institutes and offices of the country.

Turmeric (curcuma longa) has been considered as a plant with special place in traditional medicine. This permanent plant has about 1.5 meters height with basal leaves of pedicle and specified sheat without petiole, and the flowers are hyacinthine covered with two yellowish green brackets. Some tubercles are produced around the underground pedicles that are yellow with 3‑7 cm length and 1‑2 cm diameter with relatively smooth surface with obvious fallen root marks on them, these tubercles are called turmeric. Turmeric is antiduodenal and peptic ulcers and reduces gasteric secretions. Because of phototoxicity of its curcumin, it can cure some skin disorders (e.g. psoriasis and viral infections). Cyclo curcumin has antinematodal activity. Turmeric extract decreases blood cholesterol, phospholipids and Triglyceride levels and so, which is suitable for treating cardiovas cular diseases. It plays a condign role in lowering blood pressure that associate with antagonistic effects of adrenergic, histaminergic and atropine, too. It has anti‑infammatoric effects, that reduces histamine levels and increases cortisol production. It has an inhibitory effect on cancers and Neoplasia too. As an antioxidant and hypolipidemic agent, it plays a major role in protecting of brain tissues against damages caused by ethanol. Turmeric is effective in wound healing and treatment of liver diseases. The alcoholic extract of turmeric causes a significant reduction in testicular weight and testosterone concentration and causes infertility. Oral consumption of curcumin prevents cataract. It is less effective than phenylbutazone in treatment of Rheumatoidal Arthritis. Turmeric is contraindicated in Hepatotoxicity, cholelithiasis and pregnancy. The main effects of turmeric are due to its curcumin.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States each year about 450.000 people die from CHD, and 1.000.000 experience an initial or recurrent coronary event. Plaque rupture and it's its subsequent thrombosis at the site of the plaque rupture is the most common underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes. Plaque rupture may be precipitated by external triggers (including physical activity and emotional stress or rare events such as earthquakes) imposed on coronary plaque. In this article the impressions and importance of emotional stress and physical activities as triggers of acute my car dial complaints especially AW and their pathophysiological consequences are reviewed and strategies for preventing are given.

Pain and inflammation are among those problems that human being are intended to relief or lower it. Application of traditional medicine and using pharmaceutical plants and even Narcotic Materials associated with peritoneal drugs for preventing from pain episodes or relieving it are some resembling examples. Tramadol (Ultram) is a newer synthetic analgesic drug with weak mu () agonist effects and some inhibitory effects on norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake in C.N.S. It is believed to act mainly through an active metabolite that has weak analgesic effects similar to those of propoxyphene. Methods & Materials: In this experimental study 36 mice with similar race and gender with weight range of 20‑25 gr. were chosen and devided into three morphine, tramadol and control groups, then morphine and tramadol were injected intraperitoneally diluted in 0.5cc distilled water for each mouse of first and second groups. After 45 minutes, the cases were assessed under "Tail flick analgesia meter" with 40 º Intensity and Double blind method. According to the study findings there were a significant difference among the three groups pain tolerance time (p<0.05) mean tolerance time was 4.675 in control group, 15.75. with 1,2 and 3 mg/ml in tramadol group respectively. Paying attention to the study results, high concentrations of tramadol is needed to obtain the similar analgesic effects of morphine. As it mentioned above the morphine group with 1mg/ml dose had the same effect as tramadol of 3 mg/ml.

osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorders, which it is more prevalent among menopausal and older women, this disorder is characterized by reduction of total bone mass and change in bone structure and increasing bone fracture susceptibility. Nowadays paying attention to increasing life expectancy, women spend abour one third of their life time post ‑ menopausally and considering damageability of this group of the community it is necessary for them to obtain information about the osteoporosis causing factors and doing some interventions for stopping it or slowing down its progress, so being attentive to the importance, of this problem we decided to carry out a study with the aim of appointing Urmia University of Medical Sciences female employees practice regarding osteoporosis prevention. Method & Materials: The study samples were chosen by purposive sampling method in a descriptive study. The data gathering tool was a question about demographic characteristics second 20 questions regarding practice of women about preventive programs. The study finding indicated the mean age of the samples was 38.6 yrs.. most of them (80%) were licentiated, 76.7% were married and 40% had two children. Among them didnt engage to swimming (53.3%) and morning exercise (56.6%), regular control of bone density (93.3%) and consuming calcium supplements (73.4%). Regarding the samples practice about prevention from osteoporosis the study findings showed that 37.16% had a weak, 36.32% had a moderate and 26.52% had an acceptable practice respectively. The results of this study indicated that the practice of the samples were inappropriate due to knowledge deficit about the osteoporosis process and it's remedial regimen, so education and informing must tabe in consideration as a main object that can be done by tv, news papers, magazines and other media.