مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 36، تابستان 1384)

Background and It is thought that transplantation of islet cells would cure diabetic patients in world. Islet cells transplantation in people suffering from diabetes is of technical interest. A standardized procedure was developed for the preparation of rat islet cell grafts for purification of islet cells. In this process, after collagens digestion of pancreases, islets were isolated and dissociated, then with enzymatic procedure by DNase and trypsin, the islet cells changed in to single cells and these cells were assayed by flow cytometery. Flow cytometery of these cells indicated that there were 91% of beta cells in cell suspension. Most of the exocrine particles were lost during digestion. Purified endocrine islet cell grafts were prepared by pure beta-cells, with or without endocrine non-beta cells. The purified aggregates were devoid of non-endocrine cells and damaged cells.

Background and Arterial blood gases measurement are the most frequently performed blood test in ICU. Sodium Heparin, which is vastly used as an anticoagulant in analyzing blood gases, Causes different densities of heparin in blood samples which in turn changes the test results when samples are of various volumes. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of heparin density on the arterial blood gases. Methods and Materials: This experimental study was doue on 30 arterial blood samples with three groups of 7.5%, 15% and 30% volume of heparin to blood sample (heparinized with 1cc=5000 u) and a control group (120 samples) heparinized with 1cc=1000 u. No significant change was found in the changes by ABG parameters to the density of 75 ou per- 1cc of blood but it was significant in the density of 1500 unit per 1cc of blood in most measured parameters. According to the findings, it is suggested that, in order to reduce the error, in sampling the arterial blood gases the amount of the blood drawn into syringes after heparinizing must be more than 10 times the amount of residual heparin in syringes. In other words, if heparin amounts to 75-375u in 1cc of blood, the density of heparin will not affect the results of arterial blood gases.

Background and Rubella is a member of togaviridate viruses, with minor morbidity in children. Rubella infection during pregnancy causes various malformations including congenital cataract. Immunity against it is, therefore, important in girls before marriage and it is recommended in girls without antirubella antibody in some countries. This study is intended to determine the anti-rubella immunity in premarriage girls in Sabzevar, Iran. Methods and Materials: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 186 pre-marriage girls in Sabzevar, Iran to determine serological anti-rubella (IgG and IgM)using ELlSA. NOVUM DIAGNOSTICA Kit was used for tests and SPSS for data analysis. 172 girls (92.5%) were positive and 14 girls (7.5%) negative, Le. high risk group.152 girls (81.7%) already infected with rubella were now positive and 11 girls (5.9%) negative. Subject's age and IgG antibody did not show any significant relationships while a significant relationship was found between exposure to rubella and IgG (p

Background and Nowadays due to increase in women's life expectancy, women at least live one third of their lives after menopause. Menopause is usually accompanied with some early and late symptoms, which lead to decline the quality of daily activity of women. So concerning the increase in elderly rate in the world especially in our country (Iran), prevention and treatment of these symptoms by natural therapeutic agents are obviously important. This study has been designed to examine the vitex effects on early menopause symptoms, kupperman's index and the rate of side effects in vitex group and placebo group. Methods and materials: This study is a blind clinical trial conducted on 100 menopausal teachers aged 45-60 years old, who were working in girl's school in Sari, Iran. This sample population had the required characteristics for participating in this study and they were volunteer for treatment if they had hot flushes and others menopause symptoms. Sampling method was based on study objective, so we divided the sampling population into two equal, (control and case) groups. The two groups were given 40 drops of vitex or placebo per day for 2 cycles continuously. Required data were collected by interview, individual characteristics questionnaire and Kupperman's index in two phases before the treatment and eight phases after the treatment. Finally there was 25 persons in case group and 16 persons in control group for statistical analysis and the others were excluded from study because of bad taste of drug and other problems. The intensity 6f hot flushes among the two groups after 2 weeks of treatment, based on Manwittny test, had a significant statistical difference (p=0.015). The frequency of hot flushes per day in these groups after 2 weeks of treatment, based on T test with independent sample, were of significant statistical difference (p=0.015). Regarding Kupperman's index in these two groups after 3 weeks of treatment by means of T test with independent sample analysis, It indicated that there is a significant statistical difference (p=0.001). Also the results showed that complete recovery rate from hot flushes after eight weeks in drug group was %80 and in placebo group %12.5 and there was significant statistical variation in two groups concerning the side effects of drug (p=0.012). Vitex can reduce the intensity and frequency of hot flushes per day and regarding Kupperman's index. Vitex may reduce some other early symptoms of menopause, but there are some unimportant side effects like nausea and flatulence. So vitex could be used as a natural therapeutic agent for treatment of early menopause symptoms in subjects who cant tolerate hormone therapy.

Background and The diagnosis of obstructive jaundice entails the rapid examination of the patient for the causes and following a treatment protocol. Imaging is one of the most useful diagnostic methods, ultrasonography and CT scan being the most common. Despite the advantages of ultra sonography, CT scanning has been popularized due to diagnostic limitations of the latter. Therefore, this study investigates the diagnostic value of CT scanning. Methods and Materials: 23 patients with obstructive jaundice under went CT scan, the results of which were compared with postoperative biopsies and its sensitivity was calculated. 52.2% of the patients were mule and the rest female; their auerage age was 58:t19.4years. The most common causes reported in CT scan were Liver metastasis, pancreatic mass, Choledocal stone hydatic cyst, cholangiocarcinoma, gall bladder stone, Cirrhosis and stricture in distal choledoc. The CT sensitivity of all patients was 63.6%.lt was 66.7% for Choledocal stone, 71.4% for pancreatic mass and 100% for liver metastasis. CT scan is an effective method of high sensitivity for diagnosing the level of obstruction in jaundice. Also, it is of high diagnostic accuracy for viewing the liver structure and if performed with IV contrast, it will be of valuable help in distinguishing between vascular structures from bile ducts.

Background and Cervical Cancer is one of the most Common cancers in the world and is primarily diagnosed by pap smear. This study was conducted to determined the effect of endocervix-exocervix order in sampling on pap smear results in women referring to Imamreza Clinic in Mashad, Iran. Methods and Materials: In this clinical trial, 211 women were conveniently sampled for the study; within a month, their samples of endocervix-exocervix (control) and exocervix-endocervix (case) were obtained. Uninterpretable or limited interpretations of pap smear due to blood, spoiled samples due to dry air or endocervix cells were compared. Chi-square and ratio Comparison were used to determind the significant differences of the quality and efficiency of samples in two methods. 97.2% of the exocervix-endocervix samples and 96.7% of the opposite-order samples contained endocervix cells, which rendered no significant difference between the two methods (p=0.2). Obscured pap smear results due to blood were found more in endocervix-exocervix samples (p=0.0003). No significant difference was found to exist between the two groups as there were no obscured or limited interpretations due to dry air. Samples of the exocervix-endocervix order were of better quality

Background and Personality types are a major factor in deter miring the behavior and mental health of university students and hardiness, as a personal characteristic, affects the resistance of people against stress. This study is conducted on the students of Gonabad Islamic Azad University to find the relationship between three personality types (introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism) and hardiness. Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional, analytic, bivariate and single-group study, 376 university students were randomly sampled out of the students at Gonabad Islamic Azad University in the fall of 2003. Relevant data were collected by demographic data forms, Ahwas Hardiness questionnaire and Eyserk personality inventory. (including introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism). Findings revealed that the distribution of these three personality types is of significant difference. Also, one-way ANOVA results indicated a significant difference between hardiness and three personality types. Regarding the relationship between the three personality types and hardiness, a well-planned educational program can enhance "hardiness" to a desirable level so that inter personal tension is effectively reduced in various circumstances.

Background and Cesarean Section (CS) is a Common obstetric procedure and hence, a lowrisk, appropriate and cost-effective anesthetic method is of importance for both mother and neonate. As almost all cesarean sections in the two hospitals of Torbate Heidarryyeh are performed under general anesthesia due to concern about the complications of Spinal anesthesia, the side effects of the two methods are studied in this research. Methods and Materials: 37 pregnant gravid 1-2 women of 18-30 years old with signal-fetus pregnancy and no other complication who experienced Spinal cesarean section were compared with.52 women who experienced cesarean section under general anesthesia. The side effects of each method were recorded for 24 hours after the surgery. Mean first-minute Apgar in Spinal Cesarean and ceosarean section by general anesthesia were 8.8±0.3 and 8.3±0.7 respectively which means a statistically significant difference. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significant. Perfect satisfaction in the Spinal subjects was 64.9% and, in the other group was 5.8%. High satisfaction rate, the subject's cooperation in controlling the uterus and prevention of atony, good cooperation in lactation, low headache recurrence in 2.7% of the cases, and low cost are the advantages of the spinal anesthesia and therefore it is recommended for cesarean section Candidates.

Background and Due to the significance of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) and coronary arterial diseases (CAD) which occur contemporary in a short period and due to lack of reports in this regard, this study was planned to determine the prevalence of CVA in patients suffering from Acute Myocardial Infraction (AMI). Methods and Materials: This prospective, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with convenient sampling. All clinical and Para clinical information of 1000 patients with AMI hospitalized in Imamreza and Ghaem Hospitals of Mashad, Iran, were collected at their bedside using questionnaires. The prevalence of CVA was 2.2% where 73% were ischemic and 27% were hemorrhagic. 82% were male and the rest female; hemorrhagic CVA was most prevalent in women. They were most commonly found between 61 and 70 years of age. CVA occurred mostly between 4 and 11 Oclock in the morning, when AMI was also of high prevalence. Also Hypertension in Smokers was the greatest risk factor for CVA but no relationship was found to exist between arythmia and CVA. CVA led to death in 18% of the cases and 82% were discharged with residual morbidity. The results indicated that, like global studies, CV A can be considered as one of the complications of AMI. High prevalence of hypertension is certainly a re-emphasis on controlling the blood pressure for the prevention of CVA and its fundamental influence on health and socioeconomic issues of the community.