فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 49-50 (پاییز و زمستان 1384)

The process of student admission in some countries is an important challenge of educational system because of the height demand of society for university education. That is also the case with Iran, in which the overall examination taken by universities has been become the mostimportant educational event because of both height demand for university education and limited supply of it. This paper, while reviewing of history of student admission system in Iran as well as comparing such system in other countries, tries to pathologize the current system, finally suggestion a proposal for making some reform in the current system. The basis of the suggested pattern is to make a distinction between student admission and student examination with emphasizing on height education as well as independent of universities for student admission.

The meeting of needs in the society is the main task of organizations established for offering services. It is expected that these organizations have so dynamic and flexible structure that they are capable of changing while receiving changeable messages from the milieu. In doing so, these organizations must be permanently assessed, being able to predict those opportunities, visions, and challenges faced by them. There is no doubt that recognizing problems and challenges is the first step for doing reform in the organizations. This paper tries to review challenges and problems faced by Iranian health system. In doing so, ten items in the health system are selected to briefly study.

Many political, cultural, social and economic abnormalities have their origin in unemployment. With studying employment situation of different groups in society, the situation of academic graduate employment has a particular importance. This paper assesses the situation of employment among those who graduated from higher education. In doing so, the situation of employment among those holding job is analyzed in terms of literacy rate as well as of their job compounds in public and private sectors. The results suggest that 1) unemployment rate of academic graduates have increasingly increased, and 2) most of those holding job who graduated from higher education have been attracted by public sector rather than private sector in which the rate of graduate employment is low. This paper shows how policymakers can solve such problem in Iran. In doing so, entrepreneurial and development of incubators have been noticed here. The study of such experiences in other countries shows that the entrepreneurial is capable of solving the unemployment problem in those who graduated from higher education.

Among most important and debatable issues in the post-revolutionary Iranian foreign policy are relations between Iran and Egypt. Considering the political conflicts in the macro level, the dominant discourse on relations between Iran and Egypt has been based on mutual agreement and cooperation because of similarity in religious approach and the precedence of political independentism from the foreigners as well as attempt at playing a crucial role in making human civilization. The shock out of the Camp-David Treaty as a major cause and divergence in global and regional policies of the two countries as a result of formation a new and independent discourse on Iranian foreign policy after the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran as well as close relations between Egypt and USA as secondary causes have disturbed the relations between Iran and Egypt. As well the antagonism between Iran and USA over American policies in Middle East and other points of the world, the protection of Islamist groups on the part of Iran, and Cairo’s cooperation with Washington and Tel Aviv have been continuously disputable. More than to decades after breaking off the diplomatic relations, the occurrence of such important events as the fall of the Soviet Union, the occupation of Kuwait by Iraq, the September 11 event, and the attack to Afghanistan and the occupation of Iraq by USA made a new atmosphere, drawing Tehran’s and Cairo’s attention to the fact that, apart from some disagreement between the two countries, many good collaboration on regional political-security issues and problems related to Islamist world can be formed, so that sharing similar ideas between them are necessary. Therefore, it seems that firm decision for making a continuous diplomatic dialogue as well as fulfillment of normal political relations in the future is so possible.

Trade liberalization and the deletion of factors disrupting prices cause products to be produced based on competitive and comparative advantage. By making industries more competitive, imports, not least imports of capital goods, can lead to producing higher quality products in country. In other words, it can be said that importation can play an important role in trade liberalization. Therefore, analyzing impact of Iran’s joining to WTO on importation of capital goods is so important. By using Johnson Integration Model, this paper analyzes the impact of macroeconomic variables on importation of capital goods. Macroeconomic variables include real exchange rate, tariff rate, real per capita income, and war as a dummy variable. The results show that demand of imported goods is principally influenced by oscillations of real exchange rate and tariff rate. As well using adjustment coefficient obtained from Error Correction Mechanism, this paper concludes that 61 percent of disequilibrium resulted from demand of imported capital goods will be adjusted in the next period in the case of disequilibrium in the demand of imported goods.

The study of labor market in various countries leads us to the conclusion that unemployment problem, not least for youth, women, and university graduates, is a more or less worldwide issue, particularly in developing countries. Attempting at downsizing government, technological progresses, as well as the capital-intensive investments, and the increase in competition between countries, particularly between great companies and multinational companies, have given rise to decrease in demand for labor. According to the Third and Forth Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of Islamic Republic of Iran, the government is allowed to hire new personnel as much as the exit rate of its personnel. The Plans adds that the government must make a five percent decrease in its personnel throughout the plan years. The experiences of such countries as Germany, Sweden, China, Philippine, and Vietnam in expanding informal markets, informal education, self employment, and entrepreneurship are so useful for Islamic Republic of Iran. Of course, the labor market has systematically obtained such knowledge, and would gradually but expensively change its procedure if there is no state intervention. Today, more than half of ten or eleven years old are self employed. The growth of university graduates, increase in participation rate of women in labor market, shifting in monetary and fiscal policies without paying attention to the structure of labor market since the victory of Islamic Revolution in 1979, and, last but not least, inflexible character of education system in the country, all, have lead to the situation in which demands side of labor market has not enough incentive for hiring new personnel.

Nuclear energy has an important place in sustainable development as well as in achieving the goals implicit in the document of twenty-year perspective of the country. But the western countries under leadership of United States of America try to make some obstacles in achieving this goal on the part of Iran. Iran, on the other hand, had better choose some strategies to harness their goals in this regard, which may be summarized as follow: Defining precisely challenges and offering solutions for neutralizing them; Reviewing precisely potential and actual capabilities of Iran's nuclear power for efficiently managing human and physical resources; Informing people from benefits of the indigenization of nuclear energy as well as from the real reasons lied behind of resistance of western countries under leadership of USA against development of nuclear energy in Iran, which can lead to a kind of national support from political decisions of authorities; Implementing such reconciliatory attempts as commitment to NPT's contents, IEAE's constitution and so on, as far as they have no conflict with national interests; Defining precisely actors and rules of the game in regard with Iran's nuclear case; and so on.This paper tries to show how these goals can be organized.

Nowadays the software aspect of national security is considered as a constituent of public policy. That is way ethnic ideas, minority identities,youth, and women can be important parameters. With the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Iraq War, there has been some potential for politicization of the identities and disruption of the multiethnic Middle Eastern countrie's demography. After the eleventh September, with using democracy, USA seeks to manage identity policies in the context of network revolution of information in the framework of the Great Middle East Project. The observance of the American Enterprise Institute Seminar under title of "Unknown Iran: Federalism Case" must be really pay much attention. The Institute is considered as one of the most important think thanks of Bushists in designing and planning of United State of America's national security policies after the eleventh September. It must be kept in mind that conflict is an important kind of behavior in human societies.Therefore, qualitative and quantitative studies on ethnic conflicts in multiethnic communities of the countries are so crucial.

Among most important debates in economic and political circles during last two years has been the issue that how the price of energy carrier, not least petrol, can be increased, on which the government and parliament have had serious disagreement. With using such econometric techniques as VAR and ARDL, this paper tries to study what are consequences of increase in petrol for inflation and general level of prices. The results show that a ten-percent rate of growth in nominal price of petrol will lead to a 3􀌄7 percent increase in the general level of prices. Finally with using simulation in various scenarios in which the petrol price reaches to international level, it was seen that a 125 percent increase in petrol price will lead to a 23 percent increase in inflation.

Bilateral relations between Iraq and Islamic Republic of Iran have been full of tension from long time ago until today, so that these relations include a wide variety of temporary conciliatory ties, tension, hostility, and serious war throughout centuries and recent decades. But it must be recognized that the fall of Bath regime in Farvardin of 1382 and formation of political structure of new Iraq have provided challenges, opportunities, and threats for Iran, which are comparatively different from the pervious era. This paper tries to answer the question that what are these challenges, opportunities, and threats as well as that what policies must be theoretically and practically made by Iranian policymakers so that interests of both Islamic Republic of Iran and Islamic world can be achieved more than before.

Bringing accountability to the increasingly needs and demands of citizens is one of the functions of the states, not least in modern era. In doing so, using more effectively from resources, as well as making executive system more effective for achieving its goals have been increasingly became inevitable. Paying attention to the role of citizens as most important source of power in maintenance and stabilization of the regime and also the popular characteristic of the Islamic Republic have given rise to concentrate on adopting some strategy for reaching the productivity coefficient of executive system, so that confidence between the state and citizens as a bilateral exchange can be continued by bringing the authoritie's accountability to citizens. With a view to the place of the organization in the society, this paper discusses about the role of control in improving the trend of organization's accountability to citizenry demands, mentioning characteristics, dimensions, and methods of, as well as approaches to, bringing accountability, through which offering a model for showing the impacts of control on organization's accountability. With putting more emphasis on self-control issue, the author considers spreading critique-friendly approach, continuous learning (learning organization), improving resources and procedures as consequences of control on executive performances and trends, which may lead to increase in confidence and satisfaction of, as well as accountability to, citizens.

This paper seeks to offer some prescriptive criteria for assessing,reforming, and selecting various electoral systems. In doing so, the author briefly describes classification of electoral systems, comparatively reviewing of various electoral systems in the world. Criteria such as effectiveness of the state, accountability and responsibility of the state, observance of justice with regard to small parties, and so on might be opposite criteria, so that there is a trade-off between them. Then, the author studies the consequences of selecting a special electoral system,mentioning effect of choosing electoral system on party system, observance of proportion in appropriating votes to representatives,establishing one-party or coalition government as well as on participation in election and social representative. With suggesting that performance of electoral system has some consequences, this paper concludes that perhaps there is no "best" electoral system, and pros and cons arguments on an electoral system indicate some un-resolvable normative conflicts, even though the choosing a special electoral system in any society completely depends on intellectual, cultural, and political backgrounds of the society.

Analyses of the developmental consequences of the current neo-liberal global regime correctly emphasize the ways in which global ideology, legal rules, and economic power structures limit and distort the policy options available to the global south. Yet global neo-liberalism is not likely to be an exception to the rule that any system of domination contains opportunities for challenge and transformation. The author holds that identifying these opportunities is, if not logically prior, still just as critiquing the regime. Seized creatively, such opportunities have the potential not just to improve the circumstances of the less privileged, but to transform the global system itself. The author concludes that promising paths for political action are not only available but beckoning.

With using vector autoregressive approach, this paper studies the impact of tax evasion on both gross domestic product and Gini coefficient. In doing so, at the beginning, the vector auto regression model was run with various lags, and 1-lag vector auto regression was chosen with regard to Akaike and Schwarz information criteria for determining optimal lag. Then, the traumatic reaction functions and variance analysis are calculated for determining the impact of tax evasion on gross domestic product and Gini coefficient. The paper concludes that positive shocks of tax evasion have positive impact on gross domestic product, while they have negative impact on Gini coefficient.

Lobbying is a process in which various individuals and groups in society try to directly or otherwise express their interests to authorities and particularly legislators. Although this process in its optimal form, which is considered as requirement for litigation right, may pave the way for balanced legislating and policymaking, the influence of power and wealth holders diverts the lobbying process from its main path. That is why the lobbying process should be disciplines, not least in those countries which have accepted it as a part of policymaking and legislating.

With emphasis on economic impacts of networking companie's activities on Iranian economy, this paper studies on consequences of these companie's activities for income distribution, foreign exchange, and inflation in the 1380-1410 period, putting Ordinary Least Square to use for analyzing related data. The findings show that, an increase in these networking companie's activities in the long run has two consequences: first, income distribution in the society will become more unequal, and second, national currency will be weaken because of exit of foreign exchange which will lead to an increase in general level of prices in the country as well as to an increase in national income.