نشریه بانوان شیعه
پیاپی 8 (تابستان 1385)

This essay studies the impressions of the sources of controlling and adapting to the pressures and contradictions that employed women face in their jobs and family lives. They may occur when one of the roles or both of them require more attention in a woman’s life. These sources include increased expectations about their role in the job and family, controlling the job, job support and family support, conflicts within the family, etc. According to the suggested theoretical principles of this essay, the author predicted that the mutual impression of each one of the above factors on the managing of pressures and contradictions would be different, since the distribution of the roles is gender – based. The results of this research prove the theory in some cases and deny it in some others. However, the general conclusion of the research shows that the named factors can leave a positive effect on the women, reduce the pressure on them, and finally end up with many advantages of the two roles of employed women.

Any political system affects the employment of women in various ways and offers a general model for their employment. It may use guidelines, leading points and political suggestions for this purpose. At the first stage, the leaders and politicians offer some plans and models, which become laws and regulations by the body of legislation of the country on the next stage. At the last stage, the executive force of the country enforces the approved laws. This thesis studies the influence and role of the named factors in the models of women’s employment and offering a general model for their employment.

In many societies, there is some kind of discrimination against women in employment, which is mostly explained by the differences of genders between men and women. This thesis tries to study women’s employment from the psychological aspect. Hence, the author first elaborates the psychological differences between men and women and the role of these differences in their work and then she compares the suitable and desirable situations in which a woman can work in some Muslim countries. The results show that there are just some minor biological and psychological specific characteristics for men and women, and no significant differences in respect of their intelligence and talents can be found. Thus, most of the differences between men and women have their roots in the differences of two genders. In order to improve the competence of women, the special conditions and specific characteristics of women have to be considered. The desired condition of women’s labor is to reduce the gender discrimination and elimination of social and legal obstacles. This would end in their job satisfaction. In this field, Iranian government requires an exact planning for jobs and genders in all labor fields.

In spite of the different attitudes toward the political participation of women, the statistics show that there has been less serious effort in this field. In fact, there has been no effective method and model for preparation of the presence of women in social affairs and giving them the chance to take part in making the decisions especially in the fields related to women’s affairs. Their political participation in the entire world, their governmental positions, their place in the international conferences and resolutions and the focus of the so–called commissions, which are supposed to study the political situation of women in the world, support this idea. The author suggests some reformative attempts and active participation in meetings and conferences, with the consideration of Islamic principles and values, both nationally and internationally in order to remove the lack of such attempts.

In the evaluation of the women’s employment, we need to consider focus on the different layers of Islamic attitudes, principles that rule over the families, personality of women and their dignity in the society. Employment is indeed a right for women and not a duty, which can bring forth many positive effects and results as participation in social and economic development and helping the family economy. However, it may result in some negative consequences as well. They comprise contradictory roles in the family and society, weakening the foundation of the family, facing difficulties in bringing up the next generation and high pressure on women. These may leave unfortunate effects on the family and society. Here the author highlights the advantages and positive points of women’s employment and fully elaborates its negative results. At the end, she suggests some approaches and strategies for improvement and betterment of women’s employment situation.

Women labour economic value, either by saving in family expenses at home or by making income outside it, has long been the focus of all human communities attention and, by advancement of life conditions and development of communities relations, women participation in economic and social affairs become more important. Politicians and experts of economic and social experts of countries, therefore, included in the labour laws some chapters on the women labour in order to, along with observing their rights, use the human female labour suitably.In Islamic countries, in legislation, considering the legal principles of Islam and peoples religious culture is of great importance. It is generally claimed that these rights are observed.In this paper, the labour laws of four Islamic-Arabic countries (Bhrayn, Saudi Arabia, Palastine and Kuwait) is examined.

This essay reviews the most important factors on employment of women that were effective during the last four decades. They can be studied in two categories, the social and the economic ones. Considering the social factors, we can find a noticeable relation between the employment of women and their level of education, as well as the employment of men. In economic factors, we should highlight the development of industries, especially handicrafts sush as carpet and rug making, as important factors that paved the path for women’s employment. Indeed, the latter was not fulfilled by the expansion of the jobs in services sector. In the last decade of this study, the majority of employed women worked firstly in the industries and secondly as technician. The majority of unemployed women belong to the range of 15 to 24 year-old and educated and most of them are single. At the end, the author brings out some social suggestions and statistical facts.

Permanent development and perfection of societies will be occurred provided that a situation be provided that all the population completely be present in the scene of activity. This paper aimed to pay attention and analyze women’s employment motivation system, as a half of the country’s population, in order to participate more actively in the cultural, economic, social and political affairs. Motivation, in general, along with perception, character and learning, is an essential process in understanding individual and social behavior of the employed in organizations so that we can say that simply ability in work is not enough, because work is a result of a cooperative relationship between motivation, revenue and growth. According to psychologists inheritance, atractives, and motives are three sources of motivation. There can be suggested two major views about the women. First, women, like men, have motivations for progress, but are not strong as much as men. Second, women, because of the negative effects of successfulness, avoid of it. Among the factors that decreed women motivations and cause to be backed in employment quality, it can be referred to historical, social, cultural, economic, political and family factors. Researches show that changes in environmental conditions and cultural values, can bring about changes in the level of women progress motivation.