نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 41 (بهار 1381)

Video recording is a form and state of electronic image recording in which standard analogue television signals are recorded on a magnetic tape or disk. Cameras used for video recording of aerial images include: single-band, multi-band or multi-single-band cameras. These cameras can read visible wavelengths, near-infrared, and half-infrared (not all cameras cover this full range). For example, figure (1) shows a multi-band video camera that is sensitive to green, red and near-infrared wavelengths, and models the spectral response of colored infrared images.
 

The highest level of seawater is continuously dynamic due to the Earth's rotation, gravity of the Sun and the Moon, concentration of water, temperature, earthquake activities of the Earth, and the effects of the Earth's magnetism. Currents, tides, waves, water flooding and sea ice are among the most significant signs and physical appearances considered by the navy and military strategists that plan, prepare and direct military operations.

Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.

In arid and semi-arid regions, besides the general lack of water, the issue of water quality is also one of the most important issues. While the use of surface water storages such as reservoirs, etc. has been common as a general strategy in the past, the lack of permanent water flows in these areas makes it unavoidable that the supply of this vital substance be dependent on aquifers. The importance of aquifers is not limited to their size, extent, capacity, or depth, but their history of the evolution and genesis and the effect that this matter can have on the quality of water stored in them is also of special importance. Aquifers in arid areas often have limitations caused by salinity and salts due to climatic conditions and sequestration and formation environments. Nevertheless, there are deposits and sediment accumulations in high piedmonts of arid areas which were created by glacial processes during the fourth Ana Glacial period, and so aquifers or other water storages can be witnessed that provides us with favorable conditions in both terms of breadth and quality. The presence of glacial reservoirs in these areas is an opportunity for us to increase our ability to utilize our water resources therein and to increase and optimize these resources through recognition and management with the aim of optimization and restoration of reservoirs and directing unpredicted floods and their storage in aquifers. This article, based on a field design and with emphasis on glacial geomorphic processes in Shirkouh of Yazd, while mentioning the importance of glacial sediments in the quality and storage of water in arid areas, introduces two exceptional aquifers of Mehriz and Sanich in ShirKouh.

Alhough the thought and movement of creating new cities in Iran has had a significant history in creating residential settlements, settlements neighboring industrial districts and corporate townships, its prominence as an essential movement in the country's urbanization system, mainly with the aim of balancing the population in the metropolitan area and major population centers, goes back to the second half of the 1980’s. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Planning, as the department responsible for physical and systematic planning of residential system and regular development of settlements in the second half of the 1980's, considered planning and establishment of new cities in its programs. In the year 1989, the Construction Company of the New Cities was formed in accordance with the statutes approved by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development and appointed as responsible for policy planning, design and implementation of new cities. During the years 1989 to 1991, eighteen new city construction companies were formed as subsidiaries of the parent company triangle. In the current situation, after about a decade from the beginning of the movement of creation of new cities as a new experience in the country’s urbanization, evaluation of the past performance of new cities seems essential, considering the limitations and problems of these cities and at the same time the necessities and capacities created by their development. It should be noted that when planners fail to design proper plans for their people, and services and facilities are concentrated in big cities and not distributed fairly throughout the country, the population will flood toward large cities and so bring about crises, causing attitude toward creating new cities. In this article, we have tried to study the new cities around Isfahan and analyze their weaknesses and strengths, and, finally, propose the necessary solutions in the conclusion.

Modeling means presenting a complex situation in a simple and hypothetical manner, with emphasis on some aspects and attributes and removing others in order to recreate the status of the past and predict the future. The first modellings were performed on the atmosphere. Then, by using other branches of scientific knowledge, climate modeling was carried out. Climate models fall into four categories of Energy Balance Models (EBM), Radiation-Convection Models (RCMs), Statistic-Dynamic Model (SDM) and general Circulation Models (CCM). General Circulation Models of the atmosphere determine the three-dimensional climate indices in networks and calculate dynamic and thermodynamic processes in each network and from one network to the other based on basic equations of movement and in different time and spatial periods and atmospheric levels. Finally, the content and foundation of these models are based on dynamics, physics and levels affecting the dynamics and physics of the climate.

The country of the Islamic Republic of Iran has a very diverse climate due to geographical conditions such as changes of altitude, distance from the sea, and the long distance between north and south, which extends from latitudes of 30 degrees to 60 degrees of the north. Consequently, the humidity conditions in this land range from ultra-dry to very wet areas. The rainfall level fluctuates in different parts of the country and varies greatly from year to year. Sequential droughts that are sometimes broken with exceptional rainfalls, cause the shortage and limitation of water resources. Currently, due to the country's climate and water resources, population growth, demand for public welfare, urban and industrial health, as well as the allocation of water to the environment in recent years, water assumption in the country has increased, and today the main problem in our country is the chronic water shortage due to frequent droughts accompanied by increase in population. According to studies on water consumption structure in this research, water per capita changes and irrigation efficiency in agricultural lands based on comprehensive water plans of the country, the limitations and scarcity of water resources do not allow any increase of the area under cultivation. At the moment, saving and optimization of consumption is essential to meet the country's water needs.

The extraction of small scale maps from large scale maps requires a generalization process. The authors of this paper describe a system for the automatic extraction of leveling lines which uses the generalization of individual lines based on a natural principle. In order to extract new levels from two initial adjacent levels, a middle-axis algorithm has been used. The system has been extensively tested using real data. Visual surveys show that the quality of the generalized levels is very favorable.

The magnificent Saturn, the sixth planet in terms of distance from the Sun, is the furthest known area of the ancient times, moving at a low speed around the Zodiac. Ancient Greeks have introduced this planet as Kronos, the father of Zeus, because in these stories Saturn is named after the god of planting and seeding. The ancient Greeks associated the Saturn with the ancient god of time, later the father of time. The Saturn revolves around the Sun at a distance of 9.5 AU, with an orbital period of 29.5 years. The name of the planet has been adapted from the word Saturnine, meaning heavy and made of lead, to describe its great cold and large atmosphere, which is probably due to its smooth motion throughout the orbit.

It is clear that determining the type of product of each area and agricultural planning depend on the climate. One of the characteristics of climate change is temperature variation. The direct effect of heat on the distribution and dispersion of plants over the earth is certain. The sensitivity of plants to high, low and optimal temperatures and their effect on increasing or decreasing vegetative and reproductive growth rates of plants are among the scientific facts that have attracted the attention of most scientists in the field of plant sciences. Soybean product in Gorgan plain is considered as the second dominant cultivation after the wheat, barley and other spring harvestings. In this research, the author has tried to investigate the role of absolute temperatures in the stages of vegetative and reproductive growth of soybeans by utilizing the theories of scientists, practical analyses, determination of the probability of occurrence of temperatures above the tolerance of plants, and field operations; finally, due suggestions have been made. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on soybean cultivating and its role in increasing or decreasing yield as well as implementation of correct management in terms of selecting appropriate planting dates for agricultural operations have been indicated.

Each numerical or geometric quantity, or sets of numerical quantities, which are used as reference or basis for other quantities, are called base levels or datums. In geomorphology, two different baseline levels are considered, one of which is flat, which forms the basis of the accurate calculation in horizontal surveying in which the curvature of the earth's surface is considered. The other is the elevation base level according to which the height of points are measured and calculated. In other words, in geodetic surveying the coordinates of different points are obtained from a series of initial points with known coordinates by base line parameters. Due to the development of different methods in surveying, several datums or baselines have been defined and produced. Today, several datum have been defined and produced for development of geodetic surveying and satellite geodetic methods, and there is no need to have more than one datum in this method. But this does not mean a complete replacement of all datums by a single one, since in practice there are initial surveying parameters and quantities that each depend on the different datums. On the other hand, the overall change of datums will require a century to transform all the information in the maps of a country into a new base level. For example, the issue of determining the sovereignty over the border lines of the US state has been on since centuries ago, and even by drawing up a map of disputed borders, military and civilian users still prefer the old systems of surveying measurement over new ones due to special reasons. Consequently, making general changes in determining the base level not only does not eliminate the problem, but may add another variable to initial problems.

The distribution of precipitation on the surface of a basin is influenced by various processes. Part of the water penetrates into ground and joins ground waters or flows out of the basin in the form of sub-surface flows. Another part is consumed by transpiration, evaporation, interception and depression storage. The combination of these facts act as blocking factors and prevents precipitation from running off the basin totally. Part of precipitation that is neither evaporated nor absorbed by plants or penetrated into the soil flows out on the sloping surfaces of the waterways of basin. This water is called runoff. There are many factors that affect the amount of runoff in an area. Some of these factors are due to the characteristics of the basin itself, such as basin physiography, geology, vegetation, soil condition, etc. other factors intensify runoff through the interference of human activities in the natural environment of the region and disturbing the natural environment balance, and so cause irreparable losses in the region. In this paper, we have tried to evaluate the factors affecting the runoff of a basin by investigating precipitation and runoff in the basin of Masouleh.

Examination of different aspects of rural planning and decision making requires information about historical backgrounds and current situation as well as prediction of future conditions of rural environments. In this paper, technology has been investigated from three points of view. One of the most important challenges we face in rural planning is that access, evaluation, combination and processing of a wide range of visual information are very difficult and their understanding and analysis is enervating. With increase of applications of digital technology in rural planning, demand for analyzing, storing and displaying complex environmental bases has increased, and has created more trust in the computer. In general, it is vital to make a decision about the application of a strategic system in areas related to processing or utilization of a particular software for obtainment of information, because in special applications a wide range of computer tools is needed to answer specific questions. The purpose of such supportive systems is to provide the necessary background for planning on the one hand and present sufficient information for effective management and utilization of all available sources on the other.