نشریه اقتصاد و جامعه
پیاپی 8 (تابستان 1385)

The purpose of this paper is to examine how far market and freedom are compatible. While discussing different Concepts of freedom, we try to examine the role of market, state and people’s participation in this process. The paper concludes that freedom would be meaningful only if one can use it to achieve certain goals in life.

Human history has always been influenced by two logics which has been entitled by Albert Hirschman as Exits and Obligations and Loyality and Voice. We can say that economic science exclusively has concenterated on exit aspects and institutional problems are discussed from this angle. In this paper we try to explain obligation logic as a substitute for exit to discuss institutional formation in Iranian economy. Big Japanese companies have nicely shown a good example of obligation oriented institutional design. Logics generally has inner congruency with outside compostions, instead of strengthening ability may produce disabling effects. Iranian policy makers adopt policies such as issuing the so called ‘Justice Shares’, following exit Oriented Pattern which could be improved by substituting it with obligation oriented pattern. In this paper we shall compare these two opposing logics taking factors such as flexibility, performance and efficency into considerations.

Subsidies have been subject of various discussions in recent years mainly due to their sensitivity in Iranian economy. It is often claimed that this moral obligation has been appropriated by rich minority and or subsidies has been mismanaged in the country. In this paper we discuss various concepts and critically evaluate subsidirzation policy in practice and compare them with the stated aims and objectives. While acknowledging the critical necessity of maintaining the real value of wages and salaries and the compensation for losing purchasing power of wages earners, we shall discuss the impact of inflationary pressures on quality of life, psychological stability and comfort and its implication for Social capital, keeping the real value of social insurance and retirement funds. We shall analyse these policies in relation to budget estimate of the year 1385 (2006).

Various factors affect demand and Supply of oil in the market. However in this paper we try to study the impact of change in value of Us dollar in the market for oil. Today, the price of oil and its derivatives are nominated in terms of US dollar in international market. As a result any change in the value of Us dollar in relation to other major currencies would definitely affect demand and supply of many commodities including oil and its products. For example depreciation of US dollar in relation to Japanese Yen and (or) European Euro would mean, increase in purchasing power of these latter currencies for oil or decrease in real price of oil for these countries. This may lead to increase in demand of these latter countries for oil. In addition also, decline in the value of dollar would rduce purchasing power of oil exporting countries because most of their imports come from nondollar countries. In other words decline in the Value of US dollar would mean decline in oil revenue for oil exporters.

While demand for natural gas is increasing in the world its supply remain limited. Iran being a major supplier of gas in the world plays a critical role in this regards. Taking into consideration this position of Iran, it is important to see howfor Iran has been able to adopt appropriate policy in this regards. It is shown that while the country is in need of gas for injection to produce oil and other derivatives, it seems that the authorities have neglected this necessity and instead followed a policy to encourage more consumption of gas in domestic and neighbouring markets. It is suggested that the authorities should safeguard national interest by giving a high priority to gas utilization for injection and export it at an appropriate time only when the country’s bargaining power is established in international market and the export surplus is being approved by the experts.

Cas price determination has been one of the most discussing economical subjects of the socity in previous years. Some people believe that the price increase is the most reasonable solution for gas consumption and the others say that it cause another increase in inflation rate. In this paper the pattern of gas consumption and its real price as well as the results of current situation of consumption on different economical sections has been discussed.

In the Past Four decades the emphasize on environemental protection has changed dramatically. It’s significant Has increased from local, national and regional to Global level. The important aspect of this change is the recognition that environmental sustainablity can not be achieved without giving due regards to economic, social and cultural sustainablity. Kioto protocol was an important event to emphasize on this aspect at international level. In this paper after a brief discussion on carbon Crisis, we shall review historically various conferences concerning environmental considerations. Our main emphasize is on clean development Mechanism as an important subject and deal with potentialities and capacities available to move towards Kito protical’s direction.