نشریه مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری
پیاپی 5 (تابستان 1383)

This paper emphasizes on the need to formulate code of ethics for tourism in Iran. To achieve this, the author, firstly has emphasized on the importance of tourism in international area, as well as sectors, organizations, the relevant stakeholders and participants. In the meanwhile, regarding to the issues about sustainable tourism and the associated concepts, it is highlighted that the concept of development should not be just regarded from the economic perspective. This means the major focus is on the creation of change, changing the behavior, goals and a method by which one recognize and react the surrounded world. From this perspective, the author believes that the demonstration of the right behavior, especially in the tourism area (i.e. host and guest societies), is based on the code of ethics formulation. The lack of such an important link is repeatedly reminded in this article. In this paper, it is also emphasized that the code of ethic is a cultural concept. For highlighting such a relationship, the author pursues well-informed goals. opts for tourism forms compatible with its whole. develops operational scenarios for both foreseeable and unforeseeable turns, and -significantly- treats tourism not just as an industry, but also as an important activity benefiting the local community, yet connecting and contextualizing all host and guest systems: into the global village in which different nations of the world have taken membership (Jafari l 987). There is no other way to say this: sustainability of tourism lies outside its traditional parameters. and so do its predictable and unpredictable futures. Tourism-as a sociocultural phenomenon. as an economic tool, as a geopolitical force. as an institutionalized practice at and away from home - is too important to be left to itself, unguided in the hand of the industry alone. The public platform has a job to do, and all that ahead of it. acknowledgement-a slightly different version of this paper was presented at a 2003 UNESCO conference held in Havana, Cuba. scheduled to appear in a UNESCO publication. The present version appeared in Informe Economic 2003 i Social de Les Illes Balears, pages 156-164, 2004 (Palma de Mallorca: Caixa de Balears SA NOSTRA).

Tourism attractions of a destination are not limited to natural and historical sites, and art centers. Indeed every event could be an important source of attracting tourists, especially in cases that. destinations have less well known physical attraction. Tourism events have vast variety with respect to their types: from rehearsal of songs by residents in the city of Can in France, to Oscar Film Festival, from horse racing in Turkoman Sahara, to Athena Olympic games. and from a religious ceremony in Saint Tattoos church in Azerbaijan. to hajj pilgrim, all of them provide religious. business, recreation. and shopping motives for people from all over the world to travel. Now a day it seems that schedules for holding such events have increasing trend. and destinations from all over the world are competing to prepare new and attractive tourism events. Since tourism development is a national policy in Iran economy. therefore designing and planning for new tourism events could provide a great opportunity to us. But it is obvious that the first step in this development is to acquire the require knowledge about the types and their management. In this article the types and key points in tourism event planning and management have been demonstrated.

In this article the concepts of quality and customer's satisfactions in the service Industry are being discussed and a suitable Model for service quality measurement is presented. After developing the Model, priorities of necessary actions towards better service quality in Iran Air flights are calculated and tested according to distributed questionnaires among a random sample of passengers.

Tourism is an economic phenomenon with important sociocultural implications that acquired a fundamental significance in the last decades of the twentieth century. Sociology is about people and how we live together in social groups. Its subject matter ranges from the study of close interpersonal interactions to transformations in global economic, political and social systems. Most importantly, sociology helps us to grasp the crucial connections between the interpersonal and the global levels. By engaging with sociological theory, social research methods and social policy we are better able to grasp how technological developments and changing values affect our tourism development as a society. Travel has always been central to human history, but mass tourism and the leisure industry is a more recent development. The rapid growth of tourism has been a mixed bag; while it has been an economic boom and encouraged certain types of cultural preservation, it has also brought negative effects, promoting dependency, environmental degradation, and commodification of cultures. This paper will explore tourism not only as an important human activity and industry, but also as a means. to understand of the complex relationship between sociology and tourism. It examines globalisation, global culture and the development of global tourism from a sociological point of view. (Abstract is written by Zargham, Ph.D.)

The customer orientation and performance management are important factors that influence on the performance of the organization in market. Also, personal interaction component of services is often a primary determinant of the customer's overall satisfaction. So, it's necessary that managers of hotels employ people correctly. The purpose of this research is "to examine the relationships among personality traits, customer orientation and performance rating of service workers within 3-star hotels and up in the city of Tehran". The relationships among variables are tested through the Spearman correlation. Based on the results, the relationships among some personality traits, customer orientation and overall performance rating are meaningful. In conclusion, the prior studies and this research recommend that managers of Iranian hotels hire employees based on their personality traits and place them on the jobs that fit their personalities.

A review of the literature suggests that tourism has gone through four major transformational phases, with the fifth one in its making. Representing a platform of action and thinking, each phase depicts an era of shifting/maturing process in this field.The first platform took force and gained voice after World War II, when many countries in Europe and elsewhere (re)discovered tourism and used it toward economic (re) construction. As several new nations gained their independence in the 60s, they too quickly subscribed to it as a tool to improve their poor economies. Favorable perceptions about and on behalf of tourism-whether coming from the developed/developing countries or signaled by such institutions as the World Bank-supported and even advocated tourism as an important tool for economic development. Because of this tendency, this early phase may be characterized as the Advocacy Platform for tourism.Then the Cautionary Platform of the 70s, voiced by those challenging the advocacy position, argued that tourism cannot or does not necessarily lead to the economic prosperities and benefits expected of it.Citing both facts and conjectures, it was further argued that this industry could even lead to many economic disbenefits and sociocultural costs. In general, the second platform opposed tourism and its development. In its mildest form, it cautioned countries and destinations that it comes with many unwanted consequences. After the arguments of the two advocacy and cautionary platforms were heard – including crossfiring between them – a conciliatory position emerged in the 80s. The Adaptancy Platform believed that the time had come to benefit from these insights by adapting tourism in order to minimize its costs and maximize its benefits. During this decade, various "appropriate" forms of tourism development were introduced and advanced, including nature tourism, rural tourism, agritourism, small- scale tourism, ecotourism, culture tourism, and many more.The three advocacy, cautionary, and adaptancy stands led to the formation of the Knowledge- based Platform. Populated mostly by researchers/academicians, this scientification process and voice took shape and gained strength in the 90s. Some of the important academic advances and recognitions in tourism emerged during this decade, lending more strength and legitimacy to it as a field of research and scholarship. Granted these are four generalized snapshots of tourism''s recent past (Jafari 2002), then what may be the fifth phase The new decade (actually the beginning of a new century) is only a few years old. Still, several colleagues familiar with my work have asked if I have already detected a pattern of development / thinking that might characterize the 00s, and what I might be naming its platform.