نشریه انرژی ایران
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 39، تابستان 1385)

Facade and outer layer of the building generally designs by architects in aspect of beauty. The results of the recent research demonstrate that facade of the building is an effective parameter to inner space thermal conditions and thermal sensation of the occupants. This influence is more significant when the outer wall expose to direct radiation of the sun. In present research, the influences of the façade design are investigated on ceiling cooling systems performance in aspect of energy saving and thermal comfort. The governing equations and mathematical models are solved for the hottest day in Tehran, for offices and residential buildings. By the way, we assume that only the diffuse radiation is transmitted from the window glass. In the radiant ceiling cooling systems, the proper design of the facade is an effective approach for optimization performance of ceiling cooling systems and to prevent condensation.

Utilization of various types of fossil fuels will cause emission of greenhouse gases as well environmental pollutants. Thus, in the present investigation, in addition to the assessment of energy and environment aspects, policies for substitution of fossil fuels will be discussed. The results of present investigation revealed that elimination of subsidies and their chanalization can greatly improve environmental situation. The government of Iran can gain a lot through promotion of energy efficiency by minimal investment. Standardization of energy consumption by home appliances is among effective action for the reduction of energy use. In the long term, utilization of new renewable energy would be inevitable and therefore proper ground for research and development (R&D) must be drawn by Government.

In this research paper Iranian natural gas export markets - based on Energy Flow Optimization Model With Environmental Consideration - are analyzed. Exportation of natural gas by three 1)pipeline 2)LNG 3)GTL transformation are considered and preference for export between these methods is determined. The study is done in 25 years time period. The results are sensitivity analyzed in different scenarios for energy prices and discount rate. Moreover gas markets for export are divided into 9 markets for pipeline and 7 markets for LNG. In the next step the priority of various markets through pipeline and LNG methods is evaluated. Based on reference case scenario, allocation of natural gas to GTL plants has most priority for export from a techno-economic view. Exportation in the form of LNG and pipeline are in second and third positions. Pakistan and South Korea have most priorities for natural gas export through pipeline and LNG, respectively.

In every day increasing world demand for energy, the role of natural gas in providing this demand is vital and strategic. According to prediction of international institutions, during three next decades, Europe's dependency to imported natural gas resources would be escalating from 47% in 2004 to 70% in 2030. Due to this fact, European's need to new resources is inevitable, and Iran as a country which has world's second natural gas reserves will be able to provide Europe's natural gas demand. The main purpose of this dissertation is cost-benefit analysis or in other words, evaluating the possibilities of constructing a gas pipeline from Iranian city of Assaluye to Bratislava in central Europe. This pipeline will cross countries like Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Slovakia. To do so, two current methods in economic evaluating of infrastructural projects which are Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) have been used. Paying special attention to various costs of making pipeline and counting for a perfect pipeline from Iran to Europe is the main innovation of this dissertation. Results of this research indicate that constructing a natural gas pipeline from Iran to Europe is economical. But we should consider that this reality has direct relations to changing natural gas prices and interest rate in Europe, in this matter, in constant situations. If interest rate increases over 8%, this project could not be economical. At the end of the paper, some research recommendation for exporting natural gas been offered.

Wind generation is one of the most useful sources of renewable energy for the production of electrical energy. The technical characteristics of wind generation make existing conventional generation models not directly applicable. This paper presents an analytical method for the reliability assessment of the flat-rated wind turbine generation systems. An example of flat rating is that of the MOD-2, a second-generation class of wind turbines. The power-velocity characteristic of the flat-rated wind turbines is employed in this paper to model the operating behavior of the installed wind turbine generators. For wind-power potential estimation, the Weibull distribution model is used. The performance of the proposed model is demonstrated with case studies.