Pharmaceutical Sciences
Volume:12 Issue: 2, 2006

Prevention of fear and anxiety in children separated from their parents needs preoperative, psychological and pharmacologic preparation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of different doses of oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric patients. 100 ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologist)=I,II children aged between 6 months to 6 years candidated for elective surgery were divided in to 5 groups of 20 patients. They randomly received oral midazolam 0.5 mg/kg (group I, N=20), 0.3 mg/kg (group II, N=20), 0.8 mg/kg (group III, N=20), 1 mg/kg (group IV, N=20), placebo (group IV, N=20), as premedicants. Using double-blind study method, sedation, anxiolysis and change in vital signs were evaluated by blind observer (45 minutes after premedication and during the mask induction of anesthesia). Acceptable conditions for parental separation were different between groups, the best condition during separation and inductionwas for group III (0.8 mg/kg), P<0.005. There were not any adverse effects in all groups. The Blood Pressure (BP), Heart Rate (HR), Respiratory Rate (RR) changes before and after premedication were significantly different in all groups (P<0.05). One of the benefits of premedication is to decrease the dose of drugs used in anesthesia therefore reduction in recovery time, cost and side effects of drugs. Therefore we can conclude that premedication with oral midazolam was successful in decreasing post- surgery side effects. Oral midazolam with a dose of 0.8 mg/kg is effective and useful premedication in children.

Intravenous lidocaine is effective in suppressing the cough reflex of tracheal intubation and extubation, bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy. This study was conducted because of elicitation of cough and excitation in patients can induce heomodynamic changes which are undesirable complications. The effect of lidocaine on fentanyl- induced cough in patients with of ASA physical status I and II scheduled for elective Laparatomy surgery was examined. The patients were randomly divided into two groups and received lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg or placebo (0.9% saline), 1 min before administration of fentanyl with a dose of 3μg/kg. Insedences of cough was classified as presence and absence of coughing and graded as mild (1-2), moderate (3-4), or severe (5 or more). A double-blind method was employed throughout the study. Out of 63 patients who received lidocaine, 55 patients did not cough (55vs: 38) and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.002), (There was no significant difference between the grades of coughing experienced by two groups), no side effect lidocaine was seen. It was demonstrated that IV lidocaine (1.5 mg/kg), administered one minute before fentanyl, is an effective and clinically feasible method for suppressing fentanyl– induced cough without causing lidocaine toxicity or side effect.

Juglans regia leaves have been used in Iranian traditional medicine in the treatment of diabetes. In this study we investigated the hypoglycemic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Juglans regia in normal and diabetic rats. Wistar rats were allocated in two groups of normal and diabetic (induced in dose of 60mg/kg; ip of Streptozotocin). Animals in each group were subdivided into groups of 6 that received hydroalcoholic extract of Juglans regia leaves orally. In diabetic group the extract was administrated 48 hours after streptozotocin injection. The blood glucose was determined in 24 hours interval by using a Glucometer (One touch). The hydro alcoholic extract of Juglans regia leaves were administrated in doses of 125, 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg two times daily. The extract in doses of 125mg/kg (P<0.001), 25 mg/kg (P<0.001) and 500 mg/kg (P<0.05) decreased blood glucose level significantly, 24 hours after the first administration of extract and these effects were persistent during 72, 48, 24 hours respectively. In contrast, the extract did not show hypoglycemic effect in normal rats. The results indicate that Juglans regia leaves extract has significant hypoglycemic effects in low doses on type II model of diabetes in rat but, has no effect in normal rats.

Nowadays, health and hygiene of hair and skin are very interesting factors. Curing skin diseases, its health and freshness encourage producers use natural sources in this case. Water and mud of world salty lakes are natural products which are used in this area as a kind of products which are prepared from water, mud and salts of Dead Sea and these products are used in remedy of diseases like psoriasis, skin inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, eczema and fungal diseases. Urmia lake respect to materials and compounds is similar to Dead Sea and from this point of view is a virgin wealth for Iran. The goal of this study was formulation of a shampoo using salts of Urmia Lake and survey of its properties in regard to foaming, viscosity, pH, moisturizing, physical stability and foam stability. For this purpose, different formulations with different percentage of shampoo components such as sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), Coconut Fatty Acid, di ethanol Amide and triethanolamine, additives and Urmia Lake salts have been prepared. In each formulation, different percent of salt (as dissolved form in water) was used and quality control tests were carried out. The best formulation which was obtained in this study has proper viscosity, good level of foam was (about 85 cm), lowest possible level of EDTA, proper physical stability, and 9 percent of Urmia Lake salts (as dissolved form in water). formulation of a shampoo using Urmia lake salts with good properties created a possibility for future studies about their probable therapeutic effects.

The purpose of this study was to establish a new experimental, rapid, simple and cost effective approach to study liposomes. NR (Neutral red) was selected as a model of lipophilic and hydrophilic drug. NR is an indicator of pH and a weak base with pka=6.7 which is red while ionized in acidic media but yellow while non-ionized in alkaline media and is used in vital staining. In this study the effects of pH internal (5) and external media (5- 9) on liposomes trapping efficiencies in wavelength of 533nm were examined. %EE is (the entrapment efficiency of liposome) increased between (%24-%87) in pH (external media) range 5-9. CBC (CBC, contrast between liposomal compartment for visualized by LM) and EBC (EBC, exchanged between liposomal compartment) and EE were calculated. Liposomes with the internal (pH = 5) and external media (pH = 9) is the most suitable option for staining with NR. No significant correlations were observed among the two index with a 95% coefficient interval (EBC with CBC, r2 = 0.93, p<0.05, and EE with CBC r2=0.93, p 0.05). Significant correlations were also observed among the EBC index and EE index with a 95% coefficient interval (EBC with EE r2=0.66, p<0.05). NR accumulates in liposomes in ionized form therefore, giving sharp contrast with the surrounding media of liposomes. This makes them to be visualized by LM (light microscope).

In this study, the effect of enalapril (E) and/or losartan (L) on lipid peroxidation (LPO) is studied in renal transplantrecipients (RTRs) with regarding to polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). fter determination of genotypes of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I/D), angiotensinogen (AGT M235T) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ATR1 A1166C) by polymerase chain reaction, sixty-four RTRs recruited to four groups randomly: first (13 patients) and second (20 patients) groups were treated with enalapril (E+: 10mg/d) and losartan (L+: 50 mg/d) alone, respectively. The third group (13 patients as positive control) received enalapril + losartan (E+L+: 10mg/d + 50 mg/d) and the forth group (18 patients as negative control) received no medication (E-L-). Malondialdehyde (MDA) as LPO marker was measured after 8 weeks. After 2 weeks as washout period, E group changed to L and vice versa as a cross-over design. They were followed for another 8 weeks and MDA was retested. MDA level significantly decreased in all of the groups except the E L. Regardless of the treatment protocol, HDL-c, LDL-c, TG, total cholesterol and reduced MDA levels did not change (P>0.05). Although, patients with DD genotype of ACE had higher MDA (P=0.01) and TG (P=0.03) levels, RAS polymorphisms couldn’t predict the antioxidative response rate to the drugs (P>0.05). Although LPO is higher in DD genotype of ACE polymorphism; E and/or L reduce MDA regardless of the RAS genotypes.

Intraperitoneal injection of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) to laboratory animals leads to oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and tissue injuries. However, recent reports indicate that selenium can inhibit oxidative stress, and delays the benign tumor conversion into malignant carcinoma. In this study we showed that selenium can inhibit the harmful effects of Fe- NTA in mice kidneys. Female albino swiss mice were divided into 11 groups. Group-I received saline normal and served as control. Different doses of selenium (0.5, 1, 1.5 mg /kg) were injected before and after Fe-NTA treatment. Also the groups of animals received either selenium (0.5, 1, 1.5 mg/kg) or Fe-NTA (9 mg Fe/kg) alone. The selenium was injected daily for a period of 21 days. All the animals were killed and the kidneys were taken out. The biochemical estimation such as protein and LPO were carried out on the kidney tissue. selenium at the dose of 0.5 mg/kg inhibits the LPO induction-induced by Fe-NTA. Other doses of selenium (1 and 1.5 mg/kg) were not effective on the inhibition of LPO. Our data indicate that selenium is more effective before Fe-NTA treatment. The results indicated that the inhibitory effect of selenium may act through different mechanisms and involvement of selenium in the diminishment of LPO may be due to inhibition and scavanging harmful free radicals.