Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Volume:14 Issue: 1, 2007

Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the breast and since it is usually associated with lactation, it is usually called lactational mastitis. Two major causes of mastitis are milk stasis and infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial mastitis in lactating women and to determine the sensitivity pattern of the involved bacteria. A total of 203 milk samples were taken from puerperal women with clinical symptoms of mastitis attending Mirzakochackkhan Hospital during 2003-2004. Samples were examined by microscopic and cultural methods. After identification of bacteria by biochemical methods, disk diffusion method was used for determination of sensitivity pattern of bacteria. From 203 samples, 56 samples (27.6%) were culture positive and 147 samples (72. 4%) were negative. Among 56 positive samples, 51 ones (91.1%) were positive for coagulase negative Staphylococcus and 5 samples were positive for Staphylococcus aureus. Among 51 positive samples for coagulase negative Staphylococcus, 21 samples had more than bacteria per milliliter. Isolated Staphylococcus aureus from 5 samples and isolated coagulase negative Staphylococcus from 21 samples were sensitive to flucxacilin, dicloxacilin, and cloxacilin. The results of this study show the role of Staphylococcus aureus. and coagulase negative Staphylococcus in infective mastitis.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are used in treating pathologic conditions such as fever, pain and inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and consequently prostaglandin production. Recently, the discovery of different isoforms of this enzyme, Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and Cyclooxygense-2 (COX-2), has led to the synthesis and introduction of novel drugs with selective inhibitory effect on COX-2, the isoform produced in pathologic conditions (celecoxib in 1997 and rofecoxib in 1999). This study was carried out to design and synthesize two novel celecoxib derivatives with potential selective COX-2 inhibitory activity. The derivatives were designed according to the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) data of selective COX-2 inhibitors. The condensation reaction of 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid and 4,4,4-triflouro-1-p-tolylbutane-1,3-dione led to the formation of 4-(5-p-tolyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoic acid [8]. The carboxyl group of this acid was reduced to hydroxyl and then converted to chloride by freshly distilled thyonyl chloride. Successive reaction of chloride derivative with sodium sulfite, phosphrous pentachloride and ammonia led to the formation of sulfonamide derivative and reaction of it with sodium azide led to the azide analogue. About 4 grams of each derivative has been synthesized (total yield 60-70%) and their chemical structures have been verified using appropriate spectroscopic methods. In this study, two novel celecoxib analogues with a methylene bridge distance between sulfonamide and azide functional groups and the rest of the molecule were designed and synthesized according to the SAR data of selective COX-2 inhibitors. This methylene group brings the pharmacophoric sulfonamide and azide functional groups closer to the binding site and leads to better binding. Furthermore, this methylene group provides free rotation to pharmacophore to attain appropriate conformation for better binding. Hopefully, pharmacological evaluation of derivatives, which is currently in progress, will confirm these assumptions.

Hyperlipidemia is one of the most important and common risk factors of cardiovascular diseases especially Atherosclerosis and consequently CHD. Unalike age and gender, hyperlipidemia is a factor which can be controlled by altering the life style, nutritional habits and medical-medicinal interventions. Although serum level of cholesterol is always noticed in hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, too, in addition to causing complications such as pancreatitis, has been known as one of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Fibrates, after non-drug interventions, are the most used therapeutic category for treating hypertriglyceridemia. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of gemfibrozil and lopid on the serum level of triglyceride and total cholesterol. The study was a cross-over study carried out on 53 hypertriglyceridemic patients (TG > 200mg/dl). At first basal triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were determined in all patients. Then Patients were randomly received either lopid or gemfibrozil with a dose of 300mg BD (before breakfast and dinner) for one month and after re-maesuring the total serum triglyceride and cholesterol, their drug was changed to the other and treatment continued for another one month. During the treatment period patients were observed for the adverse effects and serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride were determined at the end of the treatment again. Data were analyzed by using repeated measure tests and through SPSS 11 software. Mean basal triglycride and cholesterol levels were respectively 342.30?73.67mg/dl and 206.25?37.79mg/dl. While both drugs caused significant reduction in serum level of triglyceride (P<0.001), they had no significant effect on cholesterol level (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the two drugs in regard to their effects on serum levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol (P>0.05). Considering the same efficacy, gemfibrozil can be used instead of lopid in hyperlipedemic patients.

Epilepsy is the second most common nervous disorder after brain strok. In spite of present anticonvulsant drugs, researchers need to search for drugs with better efficacy and less side effects. Medicinal plants with various natural components so that different properties are suitable field for investigation. In this study, anticonvulsant effect of Lavandula vera DC. and Cuscuta epithymum Murr. were investigated. After collection and identification, percolation extract of the plants were prepared by methanol 80% and different doses of extracts were injected intraperitoneally in to mice. Pentylen tetrazole (PTZ) with dose of 90 mg/kg was used for induction of seizure. Changes in the onset time of seizure, duration of seizure, percent of mortality and the percent of seizure protection were determined in different groups. Different doses of extracts of Lavandula vera and Cuscuta epithymum delayed the onset of seizure (P<0.01), but the duration of seizure did not change significantly. Pretreatment of animals with different doses of extracts decreased the mortality rate significantly (P<0.01), the percent of seizure protection was also greater than control group significantly (P<0.05) The most effective dose of Cuscuta epithymum and Lavandula vera were 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg respectively. It seems that Cuscuta epithymum and Lavandula vera have effective anticonvulsant component, however more investigations are needed in this field.

In this study, Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanolic extract of the endemic plant, Zataria multiflora Boiss. have been studied. The antioxidant potential of the samples was evaluated using two separate methods of inhibition of free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ammonium thiocyanate systems. Antibacterial activity was determined by using disc diffusion method. The antibacterial test results showed that the essential oil of the plant strongly inhibited the growth of all of the microorganisms studied especially the Gram-negative strains. The polar fraction of methanolic extract showed inhibitory effect on Gram-positive strains, while the non-polar fraction showed similar activity similar to the essential oil but not as strong as that. Essential oil and sub fractions of the methanolic extract were able to reduce the stable free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with an IC50 of 22.4 ± 1.0 for essential oil and 21.7 ± 1.6 and 16.2 ± 1.6? g/ml respectively for non-polar and polar fractions, which the activity of the latter is almost equal to synthetic antioxidant BHA (18.2±1.9? g/ml). Inhibition values of linoleic oxidation were calculated to be 82.4% and 80.3% for the polar and non-polar fractions respectively. The essential oil showed more inhibitory activity (89.7 ± 2.5) that is similar to the synthetic antioxidants BHA (97.8 ± 2.9) and ascorbic acid (93.2 ± 2.1). The chemical composition of hydrodistilled essential oils of Z. multiflora was analyzed by GC/MS. A total of 25 compounds representing 99.78% of the oil were identified. Thymol (37.59%), carvacrol (33.65%); para cymene (7.72%), gamma terpinene (3.88%) and beta caryophyllene (2.06%) were the main components comprising 84.9% of the oil. The obtained results show that the essential oil and methanolic extract of Z. multiflora possess antioxidant and antibacterial activities, therefore Z. multiflora could be used as a natural preservative ingredient in food and drug industries.

Epilepsy is the second most common nervous disorder after brain strok. In spite of present anticonvulsant drugs, researchers need to search for drugs with better efficacy and less side effects. Medicinal plants with various natural components so that different properties are suitable field for investigation. In this study, anticonvulsant effect of Lavandula vera DC. and Cuscuta epithymum Murr. were investigated. After collection and identification, percolation extract of the plants were prepared by methanol 80% and different doses of extracts were injected intraperitoneally in to mice. Pentylen tetrazole (PTZ) with dose of 90 mg/kg was used for induction of seizure. Changes in the onset time of seizure, duration of seizure, percent of mortality and the percent of seizure protection were determined in different groups. Different doses of extracts of Lavandula vera and Cuscuta epithymum delayed the onset of seizure (P<0.01), but the duration of seizure did not change significantly. Pretreatment of animals with different doses of extracts decreased the mortality rate significantly (P<0.01), the percent of seizure protection was also greater than control group significantly (P<0.05) The most effective dose of Cuscuta epithymum and Lavandula vera were 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg respectively. It seems that Cuscuta epithymum and Lavandula vera have effective anticonvulsant component, however more investigations are needed in this field.

The great population of about 16 million students in our country and their health problems require more attention to the health of students. Students due to low age and consequently lack of adequate experience are exposed to various types of accidents in schools. Accidents are the leading cause of death in 5 to 17 year old children. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rate of accidents and their causes in Shiraz guidance schools. In this study about 7137 guidance schools students in four educational districts of Shiraz were randomly selected. Data were collected by a questionnaire. The total accident incidence rate was 1.2% with 0.6% and 1.49% in girls and boys respectively. The highest incidence rate was in winter (0.6%). Among all, 17 injured students (19.8%) were hospitalized. The highest rate of injuries was found in limbs. The total accident incidence rate in guidance schools of Shiraz was 1.2% that is significantly lower comparing to what have been reported in Canada (P<0.001). The highest rate of accidents in the students of grade one requires special attention to younger students in order to lead them toward low risk and healthy activities. Moreover providing adequate educational environment and training students for proper behavior at school during the break time may lead to a considerable decrease in the rate of accidents in schools.

A child’s world centers around the home, school and the local community. These should be healthy places. But in reality, these places are often so unhealthy that they underlie majority of accident and disease among children in the developing world. The aim of this study was to determine ergonomic, safety and environmental health status at primary schools in Markazi province. It was a descriptive – cross – sectional study, that performed at 210 primary schools in Markazi province. These schools were selected randomly by stratified method. The data were collected through a check list and observation. Only 21.2 percent of schools had acceptable environmental health status. There was significant difference between urban and rural schools and between girls, boys and girls – boys schools. 18.1 percent of schools had good safety condition. There was significant difference between urban and rural schools and between girls, boys and girls – boys schools. 25.6 percent of schools had appropriate ergonomic condition. There was significant difference between urban and rural schools. According to results safety, ergonomic and environmental health status are very far from acceptable condition. These findings may be related to supervision of environmental health at schools, defects in designing, building, and maintenance of schools, change in users of schools and safety culture.

Aggressive fibromatosis also known as extra abdominal desmoid tumor is an uncommon benign tumor of soft tissue origin with fibroblastic proliferation. Since the tumor is locally aggressive, the lesion may be misdiagnosed as low -grade fibrosarcoms. It accounts for 0.03% - 0.1% of all body tumors and 3% of all soft tissue tumors. Only 10% to 15% of these lesions occur in head and neck, usually in the supraclavicular fossa. Occurrence in parapharyngeal space is rare and only two cases of aggressive fibromatosis in the parapharyngeal space and two other cases in ear, nose and throat have been reported so far. The selective treatment is surgical resection. The rate of recurrence in head and neck is 19-70%. In the case of recurrence radiotherapy has been suggested.In this paper a new case of aggressive fibromatosis tumor in parapharyngeal space in a 35-year old man is reported in whom surgical resection was performed through parapharyngeal transcervical with preservation of local organs and the pathology report confirmed the diagnosis of aggressive fibromatosis.

An Extremely rare case of periscaphoid and perilunate dislocation of the wrist is reported. The reported case is a young man with trauma following a motor cycle falling down. At first referral closed reduction and six weeks of long arm cast had been performed. The patient reffered to our hospital because of painful and limited range of motion. He underwent open reduction and internal fixation with two Kirshner wire and ligamentous reconstraction with flexor carpi radialis tendon. The results are acceptable after four months of follow up.