فصلنامه علوم پزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
سال هفدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 47، بهار 1386)

Retinoic acid (RA), one of the vitamin A derivatives, is used for the treatment of acne, psoriasis and some forms of cancer. It plays an important role in the growth and differentiation during development of vertebrates. In this research the effects of exogenous retinoic acid was investigated on forelimb and hind limb bud culture in vitro. In this experiment, female mice mated with males and observation of vaginal plug was considered as day 0 of gestation. The embryos were removed from uterus at day 12, their limb bud were excised and cultured in Eagle’s minimum essential media with 20% human embryo cord serum for two days. Experimental limb bud received RA in three concentrations of 10 -6,10 -5 and 10-4 M. Sham limb bud, received only alcohol (the solvent) and control did not receive anything. Samples were fixed in the Bouin’s solution and stained with Alcian blue for morphological features. Histological studies were morphologically examined. The toxic effects of RA exogenous on the development of limb buds were observed. This toxic effect was greater on fore limb bud. Our results showed that exogenous RA affects the growth and development of limb buds through reducing both the length of proximal–distal axis and the growth of digits in a dose-dependent manner. Microscopic studies revealed that RA hinders chondrogenesis in a dose-dependent manner with higher concentrations significantly reducing the number of limb bud chondrocytes

γ-aminobutyricacid (GABA), a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, also acts as a paracrine or autocrine signaling molecule in endocrine tissues such as the pancreatic islets, adenohypophysis, and testis. It has been demonstrated that metabolites of progesterone and corticosterone naturally act via the GABAA – membrane receptor and they have sedative–hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle-relaxant and anesthetic drugs properties. Also the brain as a steroidogenic organ contributes to produce these steroids. The aim of this study was to find out the steroids participation on the GABA- related activities. An injection canula was inserted into lateral ventricle of the sham and experimental adult female rats by stereotaxic surgery. One week late, at proesterus day, diazepam (GABAA–receptor agonist) with doses of 250 and 500ng/rat, bicuculine (GABAA–receptor antagonist) with doses of 1.5 and 3 ng/rat, baclofen (GABAB –receptor agonist) with doses of 4.27 and 8.54 ng/rat and CGP35348 (GABAB –receptor antagonist) with doses of 3 and 5 µg/rat were intracerebroventriculary (ICV) injected to the experimental groups, while equal volume (2µl) of artificial CSF was injected to the sham operated group. Blood samples were collected thrice at 9 AM, 11 AM and 1PM. The serum progesterone level was determined using RIA method. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and Duncan's test at p<0.05 for the significant level. The results showed that GABAergic system activity via both GABAA and GABAB receptors has significantly changed the serum progesterone level. Comparing the results of this research with earlier studies, it is concluded that GABAergic system has a close relation with steroidogenesis and the steroids participate in GABA-related activities

In order to achieve the objectives of MDGs especially reduction of child mortality, the effectiveness of services must be increased. The main objective of the present study is surveying the effectiveness of child health services in Iran Health System. This cross sectional study was performed based on existing data. We compared data of 1500 children with their sibling. The weight and height of second children were increased as compared to first children. Performance of health care personnel was also improved in growth chart drawing, promoting breast feeding, and on time complementary feeding. Health network performance showed promotion, however, monitoring and assessing guidelines must be changed.

Urinary stones are the third most common disease of urinary tract. More than 90% of renal stones are successfully treated by ESWL with a success rate of 68-86%. The present study was conducted to survey ESWL impact on pancreatic enzymes. This descriptive-analytic study was performed on 87 patients suffered from renal stone. For all patients, a questionnaire including the demographic features, stone characteristics, and ESWL data, was filled, then, the serum lipase and amylase titers were obtained both before and 24 hours after ESWL. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The study population included 58 men and 31 women with the mean age of 40 years. 48 had right-sided renal stones versus 39 with left-sided stone. The serum titers of amylase and lipase showed an increment in 57.5% and 61%, respectively, however, this increment was above normal range in only two patients. There was statistically significant association between the increment of serum amylase and lipase (P=0.0001). The increased serum amylase and lipase was more common in left ESWL. Only in one case of right renal stone, the serum lipase and amylase showed significant elevation following ESWL. In spite of the harmlessness of ESWL for pancreas, it is recommended to measure serum lipase or amylase in ESWL of right kidney to detect the rare cases of acute pancreatitis.

Morphine is the most important alkaloid of opium that has studied on some body organs. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of morphine on growth and development of ovarian follicles of the ovaries of mouse in different stages of growth. 40 female rats aged three weeks were selected and assigned into two experimental groups, two control and sham groups. For 9 weeks, each rat of experimental group was taken morphine orally with concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01mg/ml of drinking water. The control group was prescribed only water and sham group was ordered water and sugar. Having anesthetized the rats and removed their ovaries, histological processes were achieved and primary, secondary, mature and atretic follicles were counted and surveyed. The results showed that effects of morphine on primary follicles in different groups were not significant, however, morphine had significant effects on secondary, mature and atretic follicles when compared different groups (P<0.001). Our findings indicate the effect of morphine on ovulation and function of female genital system.

Determining the out come of strabismus surgery in Iranian hospitals and comparing their results with reference centres could pave the way for improvement of our techniques. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of different strabismus types and their surgical out comes in Labbafinejad hospital. For this cross-sectional study, 550 medical files of patients referring with strabismus during a 10-year period (1995-2005) to Labbafinejad hospital in Tehran, were reviewed. Those who had not referred for follow up, were excluded. Mean age of patients was 11.39±8.6 years and 61.5% were female. The most common strabismus type was exotropia observed in 339 patients (61.5%). Other types were as follow: 109 esotropia (19.8%), 76 (13.8%) intermittent exotropia, 11 (2%) V anisotropia, 8 (1.5%) hypertropia, and 7 (1.4%) hypotropia. Surgery was conducted successfully in 90.3%. Despite good surgical out comes, the late attending of patients for treatment may lead to therapeutic failure.

Staph aureus continues to be a major cause of community-acquired and health-care related infection worldwide. The emergence of high levels penicillin resistance Staph followed by the development and spread of strains resistant to the semi synthetic penicillin’s has made the therapy of staphylococcal disease a global challenge. At present, vancomycin- intermediate and resistant Staph aureus has been spreading in some hospitals. The purpose of the present study was to determine the distribution of S. aureus at various sites of eye surgery room in pre and post operation and its antibiotic sensitivity at Golpayegani hospital. Common antibiotic against S. aureus used for antibiotic testing. The determination of MIC was performed with the agar dilution method according to the procedure outlined by NCCLS. This study was descriptive and was performed in Golpayegani hospital of Qom during the first semester of 2005. The statistical analysis was done by using T and paired T- Test. The frequency of Staph aureus was lower in preoperative setting during the Spring and Summer seasons. In preoperative sampling, most of the Staph aureus were isolated from broom and floor, while in postoperative sampling, most of the isolates were from broom, floor and anesthetic mask. All of the isolates revealed a totally different antimicrobial susceptibility pattern so that all of the isolates were susceptible to Vancomycin and Methicilin, however, postoperative isolates showed resistance to Carboxycilin, Tetracyclin, Cephazolin and Penicillin. According to the higher frequency of antimicrobial resistant isolates during warm months, probably insufficient disinfectant technique and temperature may play a major role in bacterial resistance. Thus, for effective removal of all bacteria, immediate application of antiseptic agents after surgery is recommended.

The prevalence rate of HAV is different in various areas. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroepidemiology of HAV in the rural and urban population of Malekan city in Iran. We determined the age-related prevalence of anti-HAV among Malekan people and examine some of the factors that influence its transmission in the community. In a cross-sectional study, blood samples of 346 subjects who were residing in Malekan city, were collected. Total HAV Ab and HAV IgM were estimated by ELISA method. Totally, 63 (23.9%) of the subjects had positive HAV Ab total, eventhough, HAV IgM was negative in all subjects. There was no significant difference in HAV prevalence between males and females (21.2% vs 26.5%). The age-specific rates, which were similar in both sexes, indicated the lowest rate in 0-6 year’s group (1.2%) with a strong increase in the older age group (27.2%). There was a marked regional variation in anti-HAV prevalence. The level of education of parents and, of course, the subject had the strongest influence on HAV prevalence. There is a wide geographic distribution in HAV prevalence. The low overall HAV prevalence in children confirms that In Iran, endemicity for HAV infection has been reduced, partly due to the recent improvement in the socioeconomic standards of its population.

Research shows that watching scenes of violence can increase incidence of high violent behavior in youth. Expansion of television networks and higher accessibility to video films in Iran was a motivation for studying the association between behavior of television and video watching and some violent behaviors is adolescents.

This cross-sectional study investigated the pattern of television and video film watching in weekdays and weekend separately in middle and high school boy students in Pakdasht district. After cluster sampling, 604 eligible students answered to a standard questionnaire about the number of hours they spend to watch television and video films and their practice regarding some violent behaviors in the past 12 months.

High school students spent more times in weekdays and weekend to watch television and video. We found a positive and significant correlation between watching TV and video films and target violent behaviors. Meanwhile, students that reported to carry some kind of weapon such as knife and chain, had significantly more violence behavior than the other peers (p<0/01).

Parents and school authorities should be more sensitive to what adolescent students watch. Cultural authorities should consider the negative effects of these products on committing violent behavior among children and adolescents. Also health educational programs for increasing the information of students about the concepts of violence in television and video films is the suggestion of this research.

According to the remarks of gastroenterologists, prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease is increasing in our country. Since these diseases are the cause of multiple complications and low quality of life in patients, it mandates more considerations. On the other hand the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease remained unclear and majority of researchers confirm the interaction of genetics, immunologic and environmental factors in its pathogenesis. Considering these factors separately is an important point in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. This article evaluates the role of genetic factors in inflammatory bowel disease and different studies, in this field. Since discovery of the first inflammatory bowel disease related chromosomal locus in 1996, 10 related chromosomal loci have been recognized. The majority of studies have been performed on CARD15/NOD2 gene (IBD1 locus) and its polymorphisms. Since understanding of exact pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is important in promoting newer and more effective therapeutic modalities, this goal would be accessible with extension of such clarifying studies.