فصلنامه پازند
پیاپی 10 (پاییز 1386)

Pike's tagmemics which was proposed on the basis of behaviorism,comprising two approaches-emic and etic.He defined grammatical units as tagmeme.A tagmeme consisted of four cells:slot,class, role and cohesion.He differentiated grammatical classes from roles and considered an observer's perspective so important in realizing this importance. Pike also believed that one can analyze the linguistic units, using the three perspectives: particle,wave and field. However, the criteria- isolatability, mobility, rigidity, non-interruptability and phonological criterion are applicable in describing a word.

As we know, the content words bear sub-content words which sometimes it is observed that sub-content words denote gender, i.e., the masculine sub-content word is identical to the content word. The present article answers these questions of how identical words render the respective meaning through presumption. On the other hand, is there this difference among categories in different cultures, or are there these divisions in all languages and cultures? And why most of masculine words are identical to the content words and feminine words bear lexical structures and separate compound structures. This brief discussion has been offered with respect to the definitions offered in the valid linguistic books on the semantic constituents, polysemy and semiotics.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the narrative vs.expository texts on the TOEFL test-takers’ scores. To this end, the data were obtained and gathered from students of Shaheed Rajaee University who were studying English as a foreign language, having the same background knowledge, including both males and females. The data seem to indicate that there is no significant difference in the scores gained by students on a standard TOEFL test between expository texts and narrative texts.

Power is a social phenomenon. It refers to the ability of its holders to compliance or obedience of other individuals to their will. This superiority is caused by different factors including social role, sex or even special style of speech. This study aims at presenting comprehensive definition of power, its role in terms of different speech styles of language and its signs. Therefore we can measure power in language more carefully, recognizing new signs. Actually, there are special linguistic signs which distinguish powerful speech style from powerless speech style. These signs are linguistic factors which play role in making these styles. Powerful speech style means to influence and persuade others. This kind of speech style is produced by avoiding linguistic uncertainty variables (filler, pause…) and using some linguistic signs (like following standard accent, etc…). Powerless speech style (it is produced by using linguistic uncertainty variables like filler, pause, etc…) does not have this effect. In fact power in language means using powerful speech style or avoiding powerless speech style. Most linguistic uncertainty variables were introduced by Lakoff, Cameron, Holmes…. But "lengthening", "tag question (hear-oriented, speaker-oriented) " and "use of English word" are studied for the first time. In fact, we want to know if these three factors can be considered as linguistic uncertainty variables showing powerless speech style. Our sample research is 30 male mangers at the age of 30-40. The informants were interviewed and their speeches were analyzed, helping statistical analysis (SPSS), that is, the uncertainty linguistic variables were recognized in the interviews and analyzed if these mentioned signs can be considered as uncertainty linguistic variables. The research results showed "lengthening" and its different kinds are 1- Post graduate Student, in linguistics, Tarbiat Modarres University 18 / Pazand Quarterly one of the uncertainty linguistic variables showing powerless speech style. Tag question (speaker-oriented like؟ هن هگم) shows uncertainty or powerless speech style, but was not found in our informant's speeches. We can claim this kind of tag question is not a linguistic uncertainty variable in Persian language among managers. However, tag question (hear-oriented like هت􀑧سرد) shows certainty or powerful speech style and was found in the interviews we had with managers. "English words" was also recorded in the interviews, but this sign can not be one of the signs showing powerless speech style or uncertainty. The authors guess "Use of English word" can be jargon of our informants, managers.