مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 23، تابستان 1386)

The main therapeutic compounds available against Leishmaniasis disease is pentavalent antimonyfcg compounds i.e. Glucantime and Pentostam. New antileishmanial compound is needed due to the emerge of drug-resistant leishmania agents in recent years. In the present study the antileishmanial activity of new 1, 3, 4 thiadiazole derivatives were evaluated. Promastigote stages of the parasites were cultured in RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS, 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin. Mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages (MPEM) isolated from the peritoneal cavity of BALB/c mice were used and the macrophages were counted and the cell suspension was adjusted to 5×105 cell/ml. Macrophage monolayers in 8-well chamber slides were infected with stationary phase promastigote, at a 5:1 parasite/cell proportion and incubated at 37oC and 5% CO2. Serial dilution of thiadiazole compounds and tartar emetic as the control was added to the slide chambers and parasite survival index (PSI) was measured after 5 days. The Thiazolyl blue reduction (MTT test) was used to determine the antileishmanial effect of the compounds on extra cellular forms of the parasite and after 72 h. The OD's were read by 96-well scanner and IC50 were calculated. Two thiadiazole compounds showed 6-67% antileishmanial activity in 4.6µg/ml concentration against intracellular forms of the parasites and also in MTT assay IC50 of 3.6 -7.6 µg/ml was determined. Due to high antileishmanial activity of some compounds, further studies on structure and activity of these compounds and new highly active derivatives is expected.

There are several evidences that show cuneiformis nucleus is involved in nociception. In the present study the effect of intra cuneiformis microinjection of GABAB agonist (baclofen) and antagonist (CGP35348) on morphine induced antinociception in rat were investigated. In this expremental study, through canulation of cuneifoprmis nucleus in rat the effect of intra cuneiformis (CNF) microinjection of GABAB receptor agonist (baclofen) and antagonist (CGP35348) on morphine – iduced antinociception were investigated by formalin test. Microinjection of morphine (10μg /0.5 μl/saline) or different doses of baclofen (0.25,0.5,1μg per rat) had antinociception in the both first and second phases of formalin test. The response induced by morphine or baclofen in both phases were reduced by CGP35348. The responses induced by combination of baclofen (1μg per rat) and intraperitoneal (ip) injection of naloxan were reduced in both phases of formalin test. Microinjection of CGP35348 alone has produced antinociception in first phase of the formalin test. Morphine with different doses of baclofen did not increase the antinociception effect whereas microinjection of CGP35348 administration significantly increased the antinociception in acute phase. It may be concluded that CNF GABAB receptor induced antinociception via opioid receptor in the formalin test.

Iron deficiency is the most common etiological factor of the anemia and also the most common nutritional deficiency in children. The iron deficiency anemia is prevalent in 9-24 months babies due to accelerated growth rate and lack of supplemental iron in their diet. This anomaly leads to growth, psychological, immunological and educational problems in children. Diagnosis of the anemia is quite accidental in children before the school age. This study evaluates the iron deficiency anemia in children aged 4-6 years old (y/o). A cross-sectional study on 560 childrens (aged 4-6 y/o) was done at kindergardens of Rafsanjan City. The sampling method was achieved in randomized, clustered and classified forms. After an informational session with parents and recieving their written consent, a questionnaire including anemic symptoms and nutritional habits was completed. The blood sample of each child was obtained to evaluate Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, serum Iron and TIBC. All data were then analyzed with SPSS Software. Of the total children samples 48.2% of were male and 51.8% of them were female. The prevalence of anemia in investigated population was 11.1% which was not related to the age and sex of the child. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 5.18%, which was not also related to the age and sex of the child. There were higher incidence of anemia among children who didnt have an appropriate nutritional education for children. Iron deficiency anemia in 4-6 y/o children of kindergardens of Rafsanjan City is less than other developed regions. Good preventive measures for anemia along with parental education for appropriate diet and taking iron supplements are strongly recommended.

Bone is the main source of lead concentration and is presumed as one of the main targets of the toxic effects of this heavy metal. This study have evaluated the toxic effects of lead on the primary culture of the vertebrate of the human fetus and the expression of the Bax protein in the cell. The present investigation is a laboratory study which initially a primary culture of the vertebrate of the human fetus was prepared by the enzymatic digestion and quantity of the osteoblast cells were then determined by Alkaline phosphatase assay. The effects of lead exposure at serially made concentrations of 10µmol to 1.5 µmol on the cell proliferation, was evaluated in a culture containing 5 and 10 percentages of fetal bovine serum (FBS) by MTT assay (Methyl Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide). In addition the effects of 0.1 µmol of lead on Bax gene expression in osteoblast cells was analyzed by immunocytochemistry method. Quantitative analysis of osteoblast cells in the primary culture by the Alkaline phosphatase assay was determined as 80 to 85%. The lead concentrations of 100 to 1500 micromole caused 40 to 81% increase in the cell proliferation in culture containing 10% of FBS. The most growth stimulation was observed at the concentration of 1µmol (p<0.001). By decreasing the FBS, the inhibitory proliferative activities of lead increased as such that the cell growth showed an increase of 15 to 103 % with concentration of 10 to 1000µmol, and a decrease was observed in cell growth about 72% in a lead concentration of 1.5 µmol (p<0.001). The most cell proliferation stimulation was seen in a concentration of 500 µmol (p<0.001). Osteoblast cells exposure to 0.1 µmol of lead caused an increase in the amount of Bax protein in the cytoplasm in compare with the control culture. The result of this study shows that lead may disturb the natural physiologic function of the bone cells and this heavy metal may act as a mitogenic element.

The success rate of root canal treatment depends on the proper execution of the final phase. Recently, various materials and techniques have been presented on the market for root canal obturation. The purpose of this study was to compare in vitro lateral condensation technique of the microleakage seal of with warm vertically-obturated single 4% tapered gutta-percha cone in root canals prepared by rotary system FlexMaster in crown-down manner. In this laboratory study the mesial root canals of 36 freshly extracted human mandibular molar teeth randomly were divided in to two groups of 15 teeth and two groups were designate as a negative and positive control respectively. After cleaning and shaping with FlexMaster rotary system, the teeth were obturated as follows: in group one, a lateral compaction technique with 2% tapered gutta-percha and in group two, obturated warm vertically (ENDOTWIN) with a single 4% tapered gutta-percha cone and AH plus endodontic sealer were applied. Nevertheless, the coronal portion and the root surface of each tooth was covered with two layers of nail varnish and a layer of sticky wax. The specimens were then immersed in blue Indian ink dye for two days, prior to sectioning by disc. Dye penetration was evaluated, and the data were analyzed with T-student test. There was no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.83). The mean of dye penetration in lateral compaction group was 0/65 mm and for warm vertically compaction group was 0/61mm. This study showed that canals prepared with Flex Master rotary systems can be obturated with 2% taper gutta-percha plus AHPLUS root canal sealer. Thus lateral compaction could possibly be a suitable technique for root canal obturation and other requirements.

Iron deficiency and anemia are among the most problems encountered the general hygiene system in the world because infants under 2 years of age are at risk of having iron deficiency. Therefore it is necessary to supplement the infant with iron as an important prophylactic method for anemia. The supplementation of infant with iron is routinely done in health centers of iran. Although, iron drop supplement is available for children, some mothers don’t provide this necessary nutritional element for their infants. This study was conducted to evaluate the iron supplemental dose, and compliance of mothers in giving iron drop to their infants. In addition, we looked for possible demographic characters of mothers and their reasons that prevent their infants from accessing the iron drop. This descriptive study was performed on 1200 infants (6-24 months who were referred to health care centers of Rafsanjan city in 2001. Systematic randomized sampling method was used for the study. A questionnaire containing demographic characters of mothers and infants, daily intake of iron drop, as well as lack of iron drop intake along with mother's reasons such as blackening of teeth, black stool, lack of Iron drop, unfavorable taste, mothers forgetfullness, lack of need for iron in infants, and lack of recommendation by physicians. The data were gathered and analyzed by using SPSS12 soft ware, T and X2 tests. Among 1200 infants investigated 61% were taking the iron drop daily (95% CI, 58-64). The most common reason for not taking the supplement daily was blackening of teeth 25.1% (95% CI, 21-29) and the least frequent one was black stool 1.5% (95% CI, 0-3). The relationship between avoding daily intake of iron drop and infant age, growth level, level of mother's education, mother's job and here age were significant but it was not significant for sex. Considering the importance of infant daily intake of the iron drop and lack of logical reasons of mothers to give the supplement to their infants, a meticulous and intensive public campaign is needed to augment awareness of the mother to provide the iron for their infant either as a supplement or in the infant’s food. Nevertheless, infants who don’t have enogh of this necessary element in their diet should be examined for iron deficiency and subsequent treatment.

Appropriate culture media and environment for embryonic cell growth considered to be major factors for generation of an embryo in vitro. In this study two embryonic growth condition of GIIII and Ham’s F-10 + Maternal Serum (MS) %10 were compared. This investigation was prospectively performed on 100 infertile couples that were treated by IVF-ICSI. The participants were divided into two equal groups. Ovules obtained from first group were treated with Ham’s F10 + Maternal Serum %10 culture media and the second group with GIIII. The variables affecting ovule and embryonic growth were measured, and collected data were analyzed by SPSS. Reasults: The mean of age for tested ladies was 28.01 and the mean for duration of infertility was 6.87 years. The number of pronucleous with moderate quality were 2.14 in-group I and 3.22 in-group II (P=0.023). The number of embryo with three cells were 1.26 and 0.54 and for grade B embryonic cell were 1.18 and 1.78 and grade C embryonic cell were 1.08 and 0.56 in group I and II respectively (p=0.29). The mean of grade B blastomer in GIIII media was more than Ham’s F10 + Maternal Serum 10%. Compairing the means the mean of grade B blastomers in GIIII media was shown to be more than Ham’s F10 + Maternal Serum 10%. All of the findings showed that GIIII cultural condition is more effective than Ham’s F10 and the maternal serum as a supplement has no considerable impact.

Surgery is now the "treatment of choice" for chronic anal fissure. However, considering the pathogenesis of this disease and the tendency for noninvasive and economical procedures, more attention is growing towards the non surgical treatments. Oral or topical nitroglycerin, isosorbide, bethanechol, L-Arginine, nifedipine, diltiazem, adrenergic –antagonists and botulinum toxin have been used to treat chronic anal fissure. In this study, we compared the surgical sphincterotomy and topical diltiazem gel for the treatment of anal fissure. This clinical trial study was performed on two groups of 35 patients. The first group was treated by surgical sphincterotomy and the second group received the topical diltiazem gel. Both groups were examined 2,4 and 6 weeks after the onset of the treatment and, the findings were recorded and statistically analyzed by SPSS, t-test and X2 to determine the relation between parameters and p<0.05 was considered to be significant. Two weeks after the onset of treatment, the rate of complete pain relief in the sphincterotomy group and in the diltiazem group was 75% and 45% respectively (p<0.005). Although this value was the same in both groups 4 weeks after treatment (p=0.357), the wound healing process observed in the first group was significantly higher than the second group (85% VS 40%, p<0.0001). Both groups had a similar wound healing rate in the 6th week (p=0.0351). According to our findings, both the surgical sphinctorotomy and the topical diltiazem gel had a similar therapeutic effect on the chronic anal fissure. However, the topical diltiazem gel has shown to have several advantages such as lower complication rates, greater convenience, noninvassivess, (no hospitalization) and lower cost. Therefore this type of treatment considered to be more appropriate for chronic anal fissure, and the surgery should be used as an alternative option for special cases.

Anatomically the musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6) is a branch of lateral cord of the brachial plexus and its motor nerve fibers innervates the muscles of anterior compartment of the arm. This nerve penetrates into the coracobrachialis of arm muscle and lies between biceps and brachialis muscles. At the lateral bicipital groove becomes superficial and the finally converts to lateral cutaneous nerve of the foream. Here we report a rare case of musculocutaneous nerve variation. Case Report: We found a rare anatomical form of musculocutaneous nerve during upper left limb dissection of a male cropse who was in dissecting room of Rafsanjan Medical School. His body was tall with muscular limbs, weighed 65-75Kg, 175 cm height, and fifty years old. The following variations were observed after dissecting of the axillary and arm regions. 1) The Musculocutaneous nerve arised from the lateral root of the median nerve. 2) The coracobrachialis muscle was innervated by a branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. 3) The Musculocutaneous nerve did not penetrate into the coracobrachialis muscle but rather passed between the brachialis and biceps muscles. At the level of lateral bicipital groove, it then became a superficial nerve as the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. Hense, it was very close to the brachial artery and median nerve in the upper one-third of arm. This study describes a rare innervation of the musculocutanous nerve and requires further study to understand the nature of this unique structure. This atypical innervation is extremely important for surgical procedures performed on the arm muscles and adjecent vessels.