دو ماهنامه دانشور رفتار
پیاپی 9 (اسفند 1383)

Among numerous problems and complexities of our time, abnormal sexual relation is undoubtedly one of the issues that have busied the human mind. Most societies today are struggling with crucial sexual crises, and unfortunately there seems to be but not a disappointing and regretful prospect for sexual life. Grappling the Islamic teachings seems to be the only way out of these crises. Although Islamic books have talked about the rules and regulations in this regard, yet less effort is taken to make the materials understandable for children and teenagers and suitable to their needs. This research aims to identify the suitable content for sexual education based on Islamic views, and teachers’, students’, and parents’ experiences. To this aim all Islamic materials concerning sexual education were gathered and carefully read. Suggesting topics for sexual education were authored in three questionnaires (one for the students, one for the teachers, and one for the parents) form. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were measured and they were filled out by the research society of 780 students, teachers, and parents. Results showed that all three groups agree upon appearance of the following materials in high school textbooks: sexual instinct control and de-escalation methods, puberty hygiene, moral effects of safe or unsafe friendship during adolescence, venereal diseases and other possible dangers. At the end certain practical recommendations are given.

Time is one of the limited and valuable resources that it's planning and proper allocation is a controversial issue in every educational system. It is impossible to plan and present an appropriate academic calendar unless the related influential factors are identified analyzed and applied. The research question is: What are the effects of climate, educational, social, and economic circumstances on high school academic calendar?The research method is descriptive and its statistical population includes three groups of Isfahan and Yazd high school teachers, principals and district administrators. We selected 180 teachers through a two - stage random sampling, and principals through a simple random sampling. We used a questionnaire to gather the quantitative data from the sample of principals and teachers.In order to collect qualitative data, we used semi-structured interviews with district administrators. Quantitative data were analyzed in two statistical levels- descriptive and inferential – using SPSS software and qualitative data were analyzed with the classifying method. Research findings showed that climate, educational, social and economic conditions are fundamental factors that should be considered by decision makers in adjusting educational time and preparing an academic calendar. The intensity and degree of the effects of each condition varies according to the region. These effects require further research.

Present study attempts to find the relationship between tolerance of ambiguity and the student's language proficiency. To this aim, 135 students were randomly selected among Shahed University students. Subjects took a CELT (A Standard Language Proficiency Test) and filled the MacLain's (1993) Second Language Tolerance of Ambiguity questionnaire. They were divided into two groups of low and high tolerant of ambiguity. For processing the data, T-Test and multivariate regression were used and the results indicated that there was a significant relationship between student's English grades in University Entrance Examination as well as their grades of General English course at the university with their tolerance of ambiguity. Moreover, the results from multi variable regression showed that in a linear relation the Entrance exam scores can predict 61% of the variance related to the subject's English grades. On the other hand, the degree of the tolerance of ambiguity had no significant relations with sex, field of study, Shahed martyr's first degree relatives or non-Shahed attributes in different groups.

Mental and Physical health of the Students and the impact they have on Learning as well as the role the school is playing in this regard have been the focus of many studies. The present research is also trying to investigate slow learners and normal student’s mental and physical health throughout schools in Hamedan province. To this aim, three questionnaires, each for one level of school, were devised by the researcher to survey student's opinions on the issue. Besides, a scale was devised to rate the teacher’s, school counselor’s parents and expert’s ideas in this regard and the validity and reliability of the questionnaires were measured in a pilot study. Then through a multi – Stage cluster sampling, the samples were chosen. Data analysis suggests that, on the whole the slow learners suffer mental and physical health problems more than the normal student's at all three levels. Moreover, based on the answers found for the research questions, an attempt is made to identify and describe the major factors affecting student’s mental and physical health, and some suggestions are made to improve the perspective indexes.

This research aims to examine middle school's core studie's textbooks on the aspect of being devoted to social skills. To do so, a list of 369 social skills was produced and its face validity and content validity were accepted by specialists in the relevant field. The reliability was calculated by 'the inter-rater reliability'. The main categories of social skills in this list are: communication skills, assertiveness skills, skills concerned with the development of the senses of cooperating, responsibility and altruism, self-regulation skills, skills in social understanding and identifying social values, skills relating to familiarizing with social rules and using social services skills in finding work and remaining in that job, skills in filling free time and taking advantage of leisure and coping skills. Next, the latest core studie's textbooks used in middle school, including: The Koran (I), The Koran (II), Islamic Insight or Religious Studies (I), Islamic Insight (II), Persian Literature (I), Persian Literature (II), Social Studies, General Geography, The History of Iran and The World, The Farsi Language (I) and Arabic were chosen and their contents were analyzed using the produced check list. In this research the analyzing unit was 'word's and 'content', using the method that wherever words relevant to social skills, or sentences and paragraphs which pointed out definitions of social skills were mentioned, they would be counted. Findings show that the core studie's textbooks of middle school have details about various and many social skills in content. The most important social skills that the mentioned books point out are: communicating skills (%24.24), social understanding skills (%19.7), self-regulation skills (%16.32), coping skills and reforming wrong beliefs and impressions (%12.31), assertiveness skills (%10.89), and responsibility (%9.6). The three skills that were not mentioned at all or were mentioned in very few places were: skills in filling free time and taking advantage of leisure (%2.74), skills in getting to know social rules (%2.18) and skills in finding work (%1.89). The skills mentioned in every book are discussed separately in this paper.

This research is basically carried out to study the attitude of theology students toward the discipline of theology and Islamic science. To this aim first the questionnaire for measuring the attitude was designed and the psychometrical aspects of it were determined based on a preliminary study. Then through modifying the questionnaire, the attitude scale was made ready. 374 students majoring in different areas of theology and Islamic sciences were the statistical society of the research. Research findings revealed the theology student's negative attitude toward their discipline. Student's most negative attitude referred to their texts and references and the atmosphere and rules governing their faculty. The results were true about both boys and girls as well as single and married students. The research showed that sex and seniority had no effect on student's attitude, but their minor was influential. Single students were showed to have a more negative attitude than married students. Students who liked to change their major field of study showed to have a more negative attitude than those who showed no interest in changing their major field of study.

This article is a critical review of school functions in modern age from a critical point of view. The school function is the reproduction of discriminative socio-political relations. According to this view it is impossible to change the school functions without a fundamental change in social – political relations of the society. However, some schools like Habermas believe in modifiability of school functions in modern society. To this aim he puts forward the communicative action theory. The present paper is an attempt to support this theory