نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 12، زمستان 1386)

This article tries to study prodigality in Isphahan. Its goal is to study how many people believe in avoiding prodigality and how many do not commit the act of prodigality. Also, the relation between prodigality and some background variables is discussed in this article. First, given the previously conducted theoretical studies, the author presents a definition for prodigality. Then, using a sample comprising 400 households which are selected randomly from the population of Isphahan, a study based on a questionnaire has been conducted. Based on this study, about 69% of households are prodigal and a small percentage of them believe in avoiding prodigality. The percentage of those who do not believe in avoiding prodigality is too close to that of prodigal behavior (69% versus 62/5%) and these two variables have a significant correlation with some structural and background variables such as gender, education and revenue at 95% level

Islamic banks using the bonds existing in financial markets can manage more effectively their balance sheets. On the other hand, those who have a great amount of liquidity and acquire a little return, now can purchase tradable bonds to gain a real competitive profit rate comparable with what exists in the classic market. In addition, Islamic banks which use goods usury for liquidity management, can use the bonds to that end. Most bonds circulated until now have been purchased by major financial institutions such as Central Bank, Islamic banks, private sector, and other non- banking financial institutions. In fact, these institutions have appropriated their liquidity surplus to invest in bonds and most of them want to keep these bonds until their overdue. Therefore, these institutions do not need a secondary market to trade their bonds, but it is worth mentioning that individual investors may need a secondary market, because their approach is different from that of major financial institutions.

In the Islamic society, religious teachings have undeniable effect on all aspects of life. The issues related do consumption is of great importance in economic debates. The Islamic attitude in this regard can be observed in Koranic verses and Islamic narratives. From Islamic point of view, believing in the other world provides framework for the consumption. The Muslim cannot use their properties without any restriction to assure their personal pleasure under the pretext of absolute ownership. The consumption of some goods are prohibited or restricted in Islam and in some cases, spending has been encouraged for some specific ends. The equivalents of these restrictions in the modern times are found in subjects such as market shortages regarding the production and consumption of merit and demerit goods, which are discussed under the topics related to the state's responsibilities and developmental economy. Islam encourages individuals to proceed along a way to get closer to perfection. In capitalism and Marxism, the ultimate goal of consumption is individual satisfaction, while in Islamic teachings it is God's satisfaction. A Muslim consumer does not eat to eat and does not wear to wear, rather he tries to falfill his religious orders.

We illustrate the potential impact of the Islamic doctrine on western economic relationships by focusing on the prohibition of interest (riba) in Islamic economics. We show that the alternative method of financier remuneration (i.e. mudarabah profit-and-loss sharing) will, under certainconditions, enhance capital investment on account of its ability to act as an efficient revelation device. By applying ideas developed in the western contract literature, we show that a mudarabah contract between the manager of a project and a syndicate of investors may permit a more efficient revelation of any informational asymmetries between the two.

Understanding the impact of globalization is required knowing global developments. A glance to the global developments shows that industry, agriculture and economy are mixing with world economic system. In the other hand, as the end of ideological competitions between superpowers, competitions have transformed to the geoeconomical conflicts. In addition, when we are discussing about globalization, we must know its opportunity and threats. In spite of positive aspects, globalization has many negative sides. Some of these aspects can be seen in food industry. This article surveys the theorical aspects of globalization and in addition will review oil seed situation in Iran as a case study. The article will show that requirements of globalization are inevitable and Iranian food industries specially vegetables oil industries must have an efficient strategy. Finally, this article will point out some proposes.

A perception is World should be concerned about its energy security given recent developments in the Middle East. Reality is that despite a war in Iraq, World has not faced problems with its energy supplies. Over these past years, there were never any disruption of oil supplies from the Persian Gulf beyond Iraq and what’s more. Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf OPEC producers significantly increased production to fill the gap. The Persian Gulf contains over 65% of the world’s “proven” reserves, and stability in these countries, security of oil fields and routes of transportation in the region are of paramount importance to oil market. Central Asia and Caucasia contains 5% of oil prove reserves, but important from diversity angel.Iran’s strategic geographical position allows it to be considered a country in the Middle East, Persian Gulf, Central Asia, and the Caspian region. Intense competition for energy consumption in Asia and Europe has imparted great importance to Iran’s oil and gas resources. It can easily be concluded that at this stage Iran is more like a giant, with one foot in the Persian Gulf, and another in the Caspian Sea.Iran has 136 billion barrels of proven oil reserves. Iran has 40 producing fields, 27 onshore and 13 offshore, with the majority of crude oil reserves located in the southwestern Khuzestan region near the Iraqi border. Iran's crude oil is generally medium in sulfur content and in the 28°-35° API range. Iran has an estimated 974 trillion cubic feet in proven natural gas reserves. Around 62 percent of Iranian natural gas reserves are located in non-associated fields, and have not been developed. The development of alternative sources of energy, efficiency, and conservation have long-term effect on the market, but time lags, investment costs, and delivery prices uncertain at best in the foreseeable future. Major debates exist over the size of proven, possible, and potential resources’ rates of discovery, development.