فصلنامه اقتصاد اسلامی
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1386)

We can say one of the most important and effectiveness of economic subject in the past century and now, is the limit of government interference and the quality of relation between government and market system. Government or market? it is a question for which these are subject matters are brought up. It seems that this question should be adjusted and we must investigate the source of these subjects through of the question: why and how is the government? The government theories are responsible for it.For answering to it, in the beginning we should choose a method for answer to this question. This article wants to collect Government theory in Islamic economics through of reviewing of Qoranic theoretical bases, specially anthropology bases. This show the most central element in determining of the relation between government and market is social justice.

In this paper we want to reply to the basic question of to what degree the society believes and faiths to non prodigality? Whether there is a significant relationship between structural variables and the society we study with the faith of adhering to non prodigality? The methodology consist of survey study in a 400 families of Yazd city which selected quite randomly, and information gathered by questioner. The results show that about 57 percent of families in the survey committed prodigality in consumption and expenditures and the degree of faiths to non prodigality is very low and the more the unbelieveness, the more is prodigality. There is a significant relationship between the degree of faiths and adherence to non prodigality as a consumption behavior with some structural variables such as sex, age, marriage statute, the kind of job, income and consumption expenditure.

This paper has been stated the difference between human capital development and human development concepts and explains their relationships.Also it explores the perecedent of human development infuence on the social-economic development peogresses and reviews economics perspectives and conclude quiddity of human development from this perspectives.Then it has been studied simultaneously the human factor development in a pathfinder place and economic justice and social economic development.As a result, human development indexes in scientific literature of economy accord with human capital development in classical economics. Analyzing human capital development on the based of Islamic doctrine, it will cause its own human development, and consequently Islamic economists should offer its compatible standards.

Islamic financial experts have suggested some kinds of Islamic financial instruments such as Sukuk since there is lack of bonds in capital market in one hand and the capability of Islamic contracts for designing financial instruments on the other hand. Although none of them has the necessary economic and religious standards but some of them have the highest operational capabilities and cost-benefit with respect to religious rules.This article would outline two kinds of these instruments that have been designed based on Mosaghat and Mozaraeh. The cash assets of private and legal people could be absorbed with issuing Mosaghat and Mozaraeh sukuk by the agricultural sector practitioners such as agricultural bank, private and government companies that are active in agricultural field. According to these instruments and consequently they can buy or establish lands and gardens on behalf of the securities owners which are suitable for farming and gardening. Then thy can be given to the farmers and gardeners according to the Mosaghat and Mozaraeh contracts and finally distribute the yield profit that has collected from these contracts among bonds owners after deducting the right of representation. Mosaghat and Mozaraeh sukuks are profit-making financial instruments and would have a return rate appropriate with the return rate of agricultural sector. This instruments would increase employment and production in agricultural sector with driving liquidity to this section and increase social welfare specially farmers welfare in one hand and develop Iran’s financial market on the other hand. These instruments have another advantage that they prevent farming lands and large gardens to be divided irregularly.

The idea of islamic banking was first developed in the 1950s and the number of Islamic banks around the globe now exceeds 100 kinds. At birth, the islamic banks face a number of contermarch, problems and challenges, especially under current changes in the world economy, the revolution in information technology (IT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) argument, Islamic banks will find themselves in direct competition with the conventional banks.This study investigates the main problems and practical challenges facing islamic banking in the number of Arabic and western countries,That its discussed by Islamic economist and reviewer. Then, it consider economic effects and concludes on Interim of making theory and practical classification from the macro and micro operational. It also evaluated solutions that used by Islamic reserchs, and mutates its quantity and qulity on islsmic countries resently.In prescription of methods such as transaction contracts, islamic Sokuk and etc, almost this problems be resolved, although islamic countries such as iran face to some of this challenges in practice.

Economics has been accompanied by ethical teachings before it changes to a codified science and for a very long time after that, but gradually it has been detached from values on the pretext of separation knowledge. Capitalism theorists introduced free economy stream as the best mechanism to provide public interests, but they accepted government interference for compensating when market failure was emerged. In addition, some groups believe it is the best way to return to the ethical values. Islam put the most emphasis on clarifying human beings inherently in the beginning of emerging. This article would be studied the most notable conceptual fundamentals of Islam’s economic ethics while explaining a short history of economics and ethics relationship in the west. It would be founded that these teachings besides promoting the spiritual of human beings coordinate self-incentives and public interests at the least cost and the most effective way if it was looked at the consequences of these teachings.

This paper is a defense for intertwined relationship of economics and ethics or more specifically, of positive aspects of economics and normative ones. To show this, a detailed historical survey of the relationship from the ancient Greek up to Lionel Robbins is presented. A more attention is paid to the position of economics within the premodern structure of sciences and the map of practical sciences therein. Even after that increasing growth of the content of moral philosophy or ethics and the push for specialization gave birth to the economics, it is observed, throughout the whole classic period and the early neoclassic, that economists unanimously believe in simultaneous study of positive and normative issues in economics. The point emphasized by the author is that the impression that positive-normative distinction is based on fact-value distinction (and the well known first theorem of Hume) is against what historical study shows; furthermore it could lead us to a theoretical dead end. The fact-value distinction is a latecomer in the philosophy of social sciences; while the life of positive-normative distinction could be traced back to the ancient Greek without causing the normative concerns put away or omitted.