مجله نامه مفید
پیاپی 60 (تیر 1386)

While invention is happening at a point in time but its diffusion and penetration into the society is gradual and slow; consequently having impact on growth and productivity of the economy. Gradual diffusion of new technology into the society depends on the process of cost benefit analysis of its potential adaptors. The benefits of new technology to the people are happening in the future while they are different in term of taste, preference, degree of briskness and access to the information. Consequently, the speed of penetration and diffusion of new technology into the society would be at different time horizon. Thus, if we plot the stock of recipients with respect to time usually we get an S shaped curve. The economic and noneconomic factors have role in the shape and position of the curve. This article is looking for into the economic reason of formation of the S curve penetration of chemical fertilizer and tractor-as new technology-into the rural people of iran.income, price of new technology, interest rate as well as the main factors in the formation of the curve.

Forecasting currency exchange rates is an important financial problem that has received a great deal of attention especially because of its intrinsic difficulty and practical applications. The methods used for time series analyses are conventionally based on the concepts of stationarity and linearity. However, for cases in which the system dynamics are highly nonlinear, the performance of traditional models is very poor. On the other hand, artificial neural networks and wavelet

The Purchasing Power Parity theorizes a long-run relationship between prices and exchange rate in an open economy. The validity of this theory is dependent on the selected time period and the data frequency. This paper examines PPP hypothesis in the oil – exporting countries by using annual data (1965-2003). The thesis employs panel unit root technique to test whether the real exchange rates in the panel are mean reverting or not. The evidence shows that the null hypothesis of a unit root is rejected for the group of oil-exporting countries that have reliable data and relatively open economy. Indeed, Purchasing Power Parity is confirmed for the selected countries excluding Libya and Iran suffering official multiple exchange rates with associated exchange restrictions and import controls during sample period.

Emerge of big companies in 18 century, and separation between ownership and management، leads to design of the models of assessment. Accounting and Economic measures are very important in direction of designing the models mentioned above, but selecting one of them is the subject that leads to many researches in financial literature. The main goal of this paper is to survey the relationship between EVA as an economic measure of performance assessment and Stock Return, ROE, ROA, CFO MV and EPS as accounting measures of performance in Tehran Stock Exchange. Therefore 51 firms that their necessary information for a five years period was available are selected. Then information about 6 independent variables is studied and EVA was measured as the dependent variable. Multivariate regression technique was used to examine the hypotheses. The significance of the models was tested according to t-test and F-test.

This paper is responsible to analyze the role and evolutions of coase theorem. First section is devoted to mention background of the subject. In second and third sections, transaction cost and coase theorem will be discussed. Analyses of the above objects are job of the fourth section, during which concluding remarks are mentioned. In this paper, coase theorem is analyzed as benchmark and pilot for extending new theories in economic literature, among them are public choice and neo-institutionalism.

Economic units meet two kinds of their financial needs through bank. First, their conventional and programmable needs which are ordinarily met through general facilities of bank, and second the unconventional and emergency financial needs which are not programmable such as deficit in workers/contractor payment, urgent purchase of raw materials and machinery. Such needs could not be met through usual bank facilities.In conventional banking the credit in current account facility is utilized to answer such demands. By determining a credit ceiling for his especial clients, bank permits his client to make use of it, if he needs, and repay principal plus interest up to at most three months. Before passing the law of Riba-free banking, this facility was a current operation in Iranian banking system and was assigning to itself more than 14 percent of banking facilities. After implementing the aforementioned law, due to its non-Islamic nature, credit in current account was eliminated from the banking system. But definitely it did not mean the disappearance of such a need for economic units; and the need to credit in current account persisted.Islamic banking experts have set forth methods to solve the problem and fill the void by utilizing religious contracts like non-interest loan, general and current Mudarabah, Musharakah (profit sharing), delegation sale and purchase, and debt sale and purchase (discount). This paper tries to examine these methods with economic and jurisprudential criteria.

The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the impact of uncertainty indexes on household consumption behavior in the economy of Iran during 1338 -1384.To do so, the uncertainty indexes such as, unemployment rate, expected income growth, the absolute value of income deviation from it’s mean of the last 5 years, and the ratio of the previous year liquid and nonliquid asset to current disposable income have been used. In addition, we have used the time- series data for the period 1338 - 1384 and econometric models in which consumption as a depended variable and uncertainty indexes as well as other variables based on consumption theories as independed variables. Also, in order to overcome multicollinearity problem between independed variables we have tried to use an appropriate index to measure uncertainty. The results and findings of the present paper after using cointegration of variables in long run show as expected that there is a negative relationship between uncertainty and household consumption in Iran for the period under consideration. Based on above conclusion, it is suggested that government to improve the performance of fiscal policies and therefore, the macroeconomic variables in order to alleviate the impacts of uncertainty.

The aim of this article is to investigate the causality between current and total government expenditures with government revenues in Iran،s economy during 1357-84. In this article ARDL and Error Correction Model are used to find the relation between government expenditures and revenues through separation to tax revenues and total government revenues. The result shows the mutual relationship between public revenue and total government expenditure. Based on this research، there is no meaningful relationship between the current expenditure and the tax revenue.