نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 13، بهار 1387)

Rent, unlike interest and profit which are the results of economic activity, is acquired without any endeavor. A rentier state gains more than 42 percent of its incomes from the foreign rents, it is the main recipient and as the result main spender of the rent incomes. In these states incomes do not have any relations with the production procedures in domestic economy of the states, the majority of the people are recipients of the rents and some of them are distributors of rents and only few people are engaged in the production procedures. Politically, oil rents cause the separation between the government and people and this makes the supremacy of the government over the society because the state revenue does no gain from the taxes. As the result of this process, state becomes independent from the social classes, and they become subordinate to the government. Economically, oil rents can result in decrease of work motives, weakening private sector, developing the culture of using the rents, consumptionism and destruction of economic resources. Unlike the most states which should receive taxes from society and industries, the rentier states because of using the incomes of rents do not need to taxes and as a result to civil society, because of that in rentier states we can not witness the ideal developed society so the developing policies mostly face with many obstacles. As the experiences of the states have been proved the oil-based development would fail. Explaining the different dimensions of socio-political and economic situations of rentier states, in this article the failure of oil-based developing process will examine as the sensible example of rentier states.

Investment is an inevitable factor in development. In this regard, the oil and gas industries have special sensitivity because of Iranian economic dependence on them and on the other hand, these resources should manage to insure the interests of the next generations. In oil industry Iran to supply the necessary assets has been using Buy Back Contracts. This article is to study the jurisprudence validity of such contracts through the applying the Ghoror Rule. To do so, at first this Rule has been discussed from the perspectives of the Islamic religious scholars then, the Buy Back Contracts and their purposes have been mentioned. At last the implications and results of such contracts and its comparison with the Ghoror Rule's results have been studied.

In this article, we discuss about philosophy of central banking and the importance, way and means Supervision in banking system. Basel committee's pivotal principals are the great stride after the World War II about principals and rules of international banking. These rules do not approve by formal international authorities but their obligatory nature induces us to obey them. Effective Supervision needs to public infrastructures, which are in accordance with the new developments. Beside the legal context to insure the effective supervision, there should be transparent principals through which the supervisors can do their job without any political pressures. At last, we discuss about Basel committees standards on supervision as an international supervisor organization. All countries should obey these standards in an era of globalization and integration of states to reach to the homogeneous pattern. Finally, we offer some recommendation to solve the problems of the Supervision in international banking.

Rapid developments in international relations discipline and expansion of new technologies in all areas have caused many of traditional concepts of IR change and new trends and concepts replace the traditional ones. Diplomacy and diplomatic relations between states is one of these matters in which the new technologies have great influences. Developing of communications technologies such as internet, teleconference, satellites etc changed the traditional methods of relations between states in a way embassies which were traditionally the main communication method has been lost many of its functions. This article examines these trends and developments in diplomacy through digital diplomacy.

It is widely assumed that the post-socialist transformation started in Poland. This is true, but only in part. Although it was indeed in Poland that various processes contributing to this dramatic change gained in the 1980s the greatest momentum, things were not at a standstill in other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, either. Another widespread assumption is that the post-socialist transformation was set in motion in 1989, when – first in Poland and then, through a chain reaction engulfing the entire region – ‘real socialism collapsed’ or, as others would prefer to put it, ‘communism was defeated’. There is no doubt that later on Poland has handled the challenges of the great transformation better in many respects than other countries. Hence, after over 15 years of an ongoing post-socialist transformation toward democratic polity, market economy and civil society, there must be certain lessons that other countries, especially the so-called emerging markets, can learn from the Polish experience. Hence it is worth to have a closer look at what works and why and what does not work and why.

Capability is not an awfully attractive word. It has a technocratic sound, and to some it might even suggest the image of unclear war strategists rubbing their hands in pleasure over some contingent plan of heroic barbarity. The term is not much redeemed by the historical Capability Brown praising particular pieces of land – not human beings- on the solid real-estate ground that they had capabilities. Perhaps a nicer word could have been chosen when some years ago I tried to explore a particular approach to well-being and advantage in terms of a persons ability to do valuable acts or reach valuable states of being. The expression was picked to represent the alternative combinations of things a person is able to do or be – the various functionings he or she can achieve.The capability approach to a person’s advantages is concerned with evaluating it in terms of his or her actual ability to achieve various valuable functionings as a part of living. The corresponding approach to social advantage- for aggregative appraisal as well as for the choice of institutions and policy- takes the sets of individual capabilities as constituting and central part of the relevant informational base of such evaluation. It differs from other approaches using other informational focuses, for example, personal utility (focusing on pleasures, happiness, or desire fulfillment), absolute or relative opulence (focusing on commodity bundles, real income, or real wealth), assessments of negative freedoms (focusing on procedural fulfillment of libertarian right and rules of non-interference), comparisons of means of freedom (e.g. focusing on the holdings of primary goods, as in the Rawlsian theory of justice), and comparisons of resource holdings as a basis of just equality (e.g. as in Dworkin’s criterion of equality of resources).