نشریه علوم محیطی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، زمستان 1384)

Regarding to necessity of development projects corporation in territory arena that cause destructive changes in environmental areas, this paper is tried to bring an Environmental Carrying Capacity with using a multi-dimensional model formed by Delphi teqnique and AHP model. This paper make the environmental strategic policies in order to decrease the vulnerability of developmentprojects enforcement and also with regarding to Alborz environmental areas and vulnerability indices priorities, will be established the conditions to balance between environmental and development projects.

A study was conducted to determine suitable charactersfor separating 2 Shemaya (Chalcalburnus chalcoides) populations of Haraz and Gazafrud Rivers in spring 2004. Using cast net, 73 speciemens were collected in 2 rivers (i.e: 35 in Gazafrud vs. 38 in Haraz). 27 morphometric characters, 11 meristic characters and 20 proportional morphometric characters were used. PCA in SPSS software was used to determine the best separating (isolating) characters of populations and its separation distance. For morphometric characters, 8 factors with about 77/2 % of character diversity within individuals were selected including; total length, fork length body depth, head length and premaxilla length. In the case of meristic characters, four factors with 70/75 % of diversity of characters within individuals were selected including; caudal peduncle scales, scale rows above lateral line and gill reakers (anterior). As far asproportional morphometric character are concerned, seven factors with 81% of character diversity within individuals were selected including 1 character. The results showed while morphometric as well as proportional morphometric characters were useful for population separation, the meristic characters could not separate the populations.

The study of species diversity of vertebrates in Ardabil Provinceis one way to identify the strengths and weaknesses of thenatural environment of the province for the protection andmanagement of species and habitat. In this research project, wehave collected and produced information through conducting afield operation. As a first step, Ardabil's ecosystem wasclassified and identified and, after scoping, the ecological factors(climate, water sources, plant cover, shelter and security) werestudied. For the next step, vertebrates were identified separately,classified in terms of species, habitat and nutrition, andevaluated according to national, CITES and IUCN standards. Inthis way, index species were determined and their populationwas measured by direct observation. The population density wasestimated at the base level along with the minimum population,dispersed areas in the province were specified and theirbiological conditions and other species present were alsoidentified. In most habitats, four main factors - water, food,security and shelter - are threatened by destruction, hunting and human activities. So, index species face population decrease and biological crisis and, out of a total number of 287identified vertebrates, 8 species are in danger of extinction and 62 species supported. According to international standards, 39 species are listed in a CITES appendix and 21 species are in the IUCN Redbook. Furthermore, the generation of two species of Goitered gazelle and Greal bustard in this province’s habitats have become extinct. Destruction of habitat, lack of ample security and decrease in food resources are the main factors leading to the extinction of species, and the responsibility of each of these factors has been estimated at 53% - 39%, 4%, respectively. The preservation of habitat by establishing protected areas in Agdag and the preservation of species by setting up a prohibited hunting area in the Sabalan Mountain and Aras River areas are the main management policies for the conservation and protection of the animal community in Ardabil Province.

Petroleum, which is a complex component of hydrocarbons, has been formed in the deep subsurface under conditions of high pressure, salinity and temperature. By now, several different studies have proved the presence of indigenous microorganisms consistent with the extreme conditions of oil reservoirs such as high temperature, high salinity and pressure. Archaea are an ancient group of bacteria with unique structural and genetic properties that are placed in the third domain of life and are able to endure the extreme and exclusive conditions of these reservoirs. The main archaeal residents in oil reservoirs are methanogens that produce methane as a part of their internal metabolism. In this investigation the presence and growth of methanogens at temperatures between 20°c to 60°c and salinities up to the level of saturation have been studied. Gas chromatography and electron microscopic observations were examined to study methanogenic life. Cultivation was done under anaerobic conditions in serum bottles with atmospheric adjustment of N2, CO2+H2.

Pars Q2, an extreme halophilic archea bacterium isolated from the Namakdan salt lake on Qeshm Island, was capable producing biosurfactants to emulsify and degrade crude oil. In this article, the effects of salinity, pH, temperature, aeration (shaker speed) and the minimum optimized concentration of nitrogen and phosphate sources were studied on the bioremediation of crude oil. The results showed that 15- 21% NaCl, pH 8. 2, 35 C and 140 rpm (shaker speed), 0. 2 g of (NH4) 2SO4 and 0. 1 g. of KH2PO4 provided optimal conditions for oil biodegradation using this strain. Under such optimal conditions, the bacterium degraded 100% of the available crude oil after seven days of incubation.

In oil producing countries, crude oil is one of the most important pollutants of the soil and water. Spillage of crude oil into the soil can be damaging to the environment. Various microorganisms are able to use some fractions of crude oil as their sole carbon source and transform them into non-toxic compounds. In this research, the biodegradation of heavy crude oil in soil under different conditions was studied over a 12-month period in a pilot scale. Cement units with dimensions of 1× 2 × 0.7 meters were made and crude oil was added to the soil in a final concentration of 2% (v/w) (20000 ppm). The effect of certain nutrients such as inorganic phosphate and nitrate fertilizers, animal manure and wood shavings on the biodegradation of crude oil was studied. Our results showed that the greatest oil reduction (65%) occurred in the unit which included both the inorganic fertilizers and the wood shavings. In the unit that received animal manure, the reduction of crude oil was 60% and the unit that received only inorganic fertilizers the reduction was 55%. In the unit to which no nutrient was added the reduction was 50%. Our results suggest that the addition of both wood shavings and chemical fertilizer or the addition of animal manure can increase the biodegradation of crude oil in soil.

Vesicolar arbuscular symbiosis improves plant growth and development by optimizing uptake of elements, adjusting plant water relations and protecting plant against pathogens. In this study, eight stations were selected in western part of the area, between 35º 53' to 35º 57' N and 55º 58' to 58º 59' E, according to plant diversity and altitude. Importance value was calculated for dominant plant in every station and root colonization percentage were calculated. Like wise, AMF sopres from rhizosphere eigth stations were extracte and recognition 12 species arbuscular-mycorrhizal which all except one belong to Genus Glomus.