فصلنامه مدرس علوم انسانی
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 52، پاییز 1386)

Inventories exist throughout the supply chain in various forms for various reasons. Since carrying these inventories can annually cost from 20 to 40% of their value, managing them in a scientific manner to maintain minimal levels makes economic sense. This paper presents a near-optimal (s, Q)-type inventory policy for a multi -echelon production /distribution network with multiple non - identical suppliers. The model is a synthesis of three components: (i) the inventory analysis at the retailers, (ii) the demand process at the warehouse, and (iii) the inventory analysis at the warehouse. The key contribution of the model is the seamless integration of the three components to analyze simple supply chains. The decisions in the model were made through a comprehensive distribution-based cost framework that includes the inventory, transportation and transit components of the supply chain.

Customer statisfaction has received considerable attention in the marketing litrature and practice in the recent years. It affects several desirable outcomes like customer loyalty, word of mouth, promotion and purchase. Since such an increasing attention is given to customer satisfaction as a corporate goal in addition to traditional financial measures of success, customer satisfaction must be translated into a number of measurable parameters directly linked to people,s job, i.e. the factors that people can understand and influence. This paper presents a customer statisfaction survey in commercial banks. A customer,s path to statisfaction model would display justice, perceived organizational support, similarity, liking, prior experiences, feedback and statisfaction as highly related.

To meet excellency and to do continuous improvement are among the main challenges for modern organizations to live in competitive market. Excellency models help organizations to satisfy essential needs of society and customers in the best possible way. To compare themselves with their competitors, organizations need to have well organized and reliable procedure in hand to make decisions based on this comparison. In this paper, first, the Excellency models were stndied and then auto maker companies were ranked on Excellency level using PROMRTHEE method. The main goals of this paper were: recognition of the Excellency level of auto maker companies, ranking them using PROMETHEE method and finally introducing this method as one of the powerful multi attribute decision making methods for future applications.

Little effort has been exerted in the domain of the study of the relation between age structure of population with macroeconomic variables and the study of its effects on the economy of Iran. According to Life Cycle Theory, middle-age groups are owners of savings and young and old-age groups are consumers (their consumption is more than their savings). Wicksell’s cumulative Inflation Process Theory, founded on the resolutions of saving and investment, also foresees that the surplus of the demand raised from the difference in interest rate would contribute to the surplus of consumption which would cause, in turn, demand pressure and finally would result to more inflation. The presernt study is a document-experiment research and combining the above mentioned two theories, tries to analyze the effects of the age distribution of the population on inflation in the Iran, using estimation in OLS method. The findings of the research showed that the consuming age groups i.e. the ages between 0 – 14 years, 15 - 19 years, and over 64 years have a meaningful positive effect on the inflation, while saving age groups i.e. ages between 30 - 44 and 45 - 64 years have a meaningful negative effect on the inflation. The population limiting policy which has been exerted since 1989 has also had a meaningful negative effect on the inflation in Iran.

According to Fred Riggs's Prismatic Theory, ecology of public administration leads to the emerge of Sala model of administrative system in the third world countries. In Public Manager's Rotation, we belie that possessing public positions in administrative systems leads to the emerge of a specific ecology of public administration.

Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index is the rate of transformation of total input into total output and Total Factor Productivity Growth (TFPG) is used to analyze productivity performance in multiple time periodso, Also, TFPG index is one of the major sources of economic development, thus understanding the factors affecting productivity is very important. The main purpose of productivity measurement during multiple periods is to identify areas of improvement in activities as well as to aid strategic decision making or continuous improvement. Therefore, information about effective factors on productivity changes is useful. This paper presents a general view to the productivity growth indexes and their qualities. Then, a new method for evaluating the productivity growth is proposed. This method will be constructing by the combination of DEA and Tornqvist productivity index to measure TFPG and its decompositions. This paper also evaluates productivity growth and finds out the factors affecting productivity which are critical for the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) on the years 1977-2000. The obtained results showed that growth in efficiency is dominant source of change in productivity at NIOC.

The present era is named as information, digital or knowledge era, in which information technology, as a new strategy and thought, has affected all dimensions of human life Consequently, the organizations are among those concepts that have been affected by information technology. So that it is impossible to imagine the organizations without this strategy. In order to fullfil the requirements and expectations of the society in this field, the organizations have to use information technology if they are interested in surviving. Thus, developing information technology in governmental organizations of the developing countries has special significance. It is because, from one aspect, this skill is considered as a strategy to national development of the developing countries and, from the other aspect, it is very important in terms of governments role in national economiyc, GDP and information technology markets. There fore, knowing the effective factors on using information technology is a nessecity. In this way, knowing structural and managerial factors effecive on using information technology is of great importancece and can help the governmental organizations to use this strategy more quickly. The goal of the present research is to recognize these effective factors in governmental organizations. Accordingly, many factors such as the chief manager of information technology,s skill and support, suitable organizational structure in information technology and the sort of the activity of the organization on using information technology were studied.

Due to scientific, technical or low productivity in the commercial sector of our economy, we are not able to compete with foreign competitors. In fact, the real situation of our country (Iran) does not create sufficient opportunity for competitive commercial advantage and filling the technological gap with developed countries. Generally speaking, from the viewpoint of development, policy - makers call the current situation in the world as transitional or unstable period. In such a situation, the commercial scheme of world is changing and the business – industrial policies are changing in the international or local arenas. Therefore, in order to prevent negative consequences of this situation, developing a comprehensive flexible and complete plan is of vital importance. The present paper intended to develop such a comprehensive plan for policy – makers in order to help the quantitative and qualitative development of contingency methods and to evaluate those companies in the stock market who have used those strategies. The most recent studies in the field of strategic management were used in this paper to present the following hypotheses: 1) The cost – leadership strategy is the most important strategy in comparison with other competitive strategies. 2) There is a correlation between the process of competitive strategies and financial performance indicators. The obtained results confirmed to some extent the intensity of the effect of the strategies in terms of practicable possibility of their utilization and priority of those strategies for trading companies. Also, the findings showed that the priority and importance degree of the mentioned four dimensions in competitive strategies are significantly different to each other. Accordingly, the cost leadership is the first priority and has the most impression in the trade companie's efficiency. After that, the best cost strategy is the second preference and then distinction and concentration are next priorities which may promote the trade companie's efficiency. In other words, these strategies have impressed the indicators of financial operation and suitable adopting of those strategies crystallized in indicators of financial operations. Finally, we can express that making use of the suitable strategies and observing of restricted area of each strategy will impress the trading companie's efficiency.