مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، پاییز و زمستان 1387)

Metacognition and perfectionism may have particular relevance in cognitive consequences of substance use. Substance use is an effective means of rapidly modifying cognitive events such as feelings, thoughts, or memories. The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship of metacognition and positive or negative perfectionism with psychological consequences in the substance dependent patients.

This was a retrospective correlation study. The sample consisted of 75 substance dependent men selected from the Hamedan city self-representative center for treatment of substance dependence. Wales’ Metacognition Questionniare (short form), Terry & Short Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale and Addiction Psychological Consequences Checklist were administered to them. 

Metacognition(r=0.65), positive perfectionism(r=-0.29) and negative perfectionism(r=0.66), were all in significant correlation with psychological consequences. Multiple regression analysis also revealed s that metacognition, negative perfectionism and positive perfectionism could explain at least 54 percent of the variance of psychological consequences. 

High levels of metacognition and negative perfectionism can increase the adverse psychological consequences, while a high level of positive perfectionism may decrease those consequences. The results are fairly in keeping with findings of other studies. 

Psychological scales are increasingly used as important tools for assessment of intelligence, talents, academic achievement and personality characteristics and as a help in diagnosis of mental or personality disorders. Besides other methods of studying behaviors, these tools can be used for such purposes in schools, industrial and commercial organizations, public offices, universities and medical centers. This study aimed to assess psychometric properties of Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale(DASS-42) in a sample of high school students in Kermanshah. Method and Materials: This was a psychometric study executed on Kermanshah high school students in 2003-2004 academic year. A total number of 400 students were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. In addition to DASS-44, other scales used in this study include: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Zung Anxiety Scale (ZAS) and Studets’ Stress Scale (SSS).Data were analysed running SPSS-10 software.

The depression subscale of DASS-42 showed a high correlation (0.849) with the BDI in a 0.01 level of statistical significance. The stress subscale of DASS-42 was also found to have a 0.757 correlation co-efficient with SSS, again statistically significant at a 0.01 level. The rates of Chronbach alpha for the depression, anxiety and Stress subscales of DASS-42 were found to be 0.94, 0.85 and 0.87 respectively. The KMO rate for the present study was 0.88 which indicates a large-enough sample size for factor analysis. The Cruet-Bartlett’s test also showed a chi-square rate of 0.794 with a degree of freedom equal to 861, which was again significant at a 0.01 alpha level. 

After factor analysis, the factors which showed high specificity measures were compared with those introduced by the original authors. Hence this study identified a three factor model which can be regarded as identical with the model introduced by the original authors. 

This study aimed to examine the efficacy of Meta Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT) on reducing self-punishment behaviors in patients with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). 

In this clinical trial study, One hospital (Shahid Rajaie) was selected from the two psychiatric hospitals for war veterans in Isfahan through multi stage cluster sampling. Thirty subjects were then randomly selected from the war veterans with PTSD referred to this hospital and were randomly assigned to one experimental and one control group. Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) was then administerd to both groups as pretest. Afterward the experimental group received Meta-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MCBT) in 8 weekly sessions as well as drug therapy while the control group received only drug therapy. Post-tests were then administered to both groups once immediately afterward and then 2 months later. 

Results showed that MCBT was followed by a significant decrease in self-punishment (P

This intervention is believed to reduce self- punishment by facilitating transmission from the object mode to the metacognitive mode and enhancing the efficient and flexible coping skills. 

The purpose of this study was to compare the family functioning between patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and physically ill patients with no psychiatric disorder in Isfahan. Method and Materials: In this descriptive-analytic study, three clinics were randomly selected from clinics of psychotherapy in Isfahan, and 30 patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) were randomly selected from the all referees in 2006-2007. The control group consisted of 30 non-psychiatric physically ill patients referred to Al-Zahra hospital in Isfahan. The Bloom’s Family Functioning Scale (FFS) was administered to both groups. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) and multi-way Analysis Of Variance (multi-way ANOVA) methods. 

The mean scores of family cohesion, family sociability and family idealization were higher in the depressed group compared with the control group (P

According to the FFS scores, the best predictors of depression were the rates of family cohesion, family sociability and family idealization. Evaluation of family functioning can help psychiatrists, mental health authorities and families in achieving a more comprehensive approach toward the management of the disorder.

Anxiety and depression are two common psychiatric disorders which put heavy burdens on the societies. This study is aimed to assess anxiety, depression and some of their demographic correlates in Isfahan medical university students. 

This was a descriptive-analytic correlation study.The sample consisted of 200 students who had been randomly selected among all Isfahan medical university students in the 2006-2007 academic year. Kettles' anxiety questionnaire and Beck's depression inventory were used to assess anxiety and depression. Data were analysed using multiple regression analysis method. 

Academic achievement was found to be the only demographic variable which had a significant correlation with depression. The mean of academic average score, the medical course of study and the female gender were found to be positively and significantly correlated with the rate of anxiety, while the socio-economic status was shown to be negatively so. 

Studying medicine inevitably requires a constant engagement with the people’s pain and suffering, as well as a hard work, along term duration of study in the university and taking part in several hard standard examinations. Medial students are potentially vulnerable to anxiety as a result of their apprehension about their academic achievement and also to depression as a result of the potential academic failures. Attention should be paid toward the mental health in this talented and vulnerable student group.  Key Words : Anxiety, Depression, Medical, Student, Demographic

As depression and anxiety can have profound negative effects on the functional status, quality of life, duration of hospitalization and even medical outcome of cancer patients, evaluation and treatment of these disorders are important. 

This was a descriptive study to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in cancer patients hospitalized at Isfahan Sayyed-o-shohada hospital. A toal number of 173 hospitalized patients were enrolled. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale (ZSAS) were applied to measure depression and anxiety respectively. Data were analyzed using chi-squar test running SPSS-ll soft-ware. 

Prevalence of anxiety and depression was found to be 18.5% and 32.9% respectively. Anxiety had a higher prevalence among women (P

Considering the relatively high prevalence of anxiety and depression among cancer patients, careful attention must be paid toward diagnosis and treatment of these morbidities. 

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) is an acute and dangerous syndrome which usually arise as a side-effect of Neuroleptic drugs. Its high mortality rate, acute course and the current controversies about the best treatment method indicates the necessity of further investigation on its clinical features, predisposing factors and effective therapeutic methods . Method and Materials: Retrospectively in a 4-year period, we studied patients hospitalized with NMS applying a 7-section questionnaire assessing: drug historys, the underlying psychiatric disorder, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment methods and their outcomes, and duration of hospital stay.

Rigidity and impaired consciousness were the most common clinical findings. Haloperidol, perphenazine and risperidone were the most common antisychotics used before the NMS onset. Mood disorders, schizophrenia, and mental retardation were the most frequent underlying disorders. The most common prescriptions for treatment of NMS were bromocriptine, fluid and electrolytes therapy, and amantadine .

In diagnosing the NMS, impaired consciousness, especially when being accompanied by rigidity and fever, may be a more sensitive criteria than it is currently believed. Bromocriptin and fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy among many other treatment methods, and also interventions for prevention of NMS complications may play important roles in reducing its mortality rate .  

A chronic illness, such as diabetes mellitus, creates changes in the life style and requires constant adjustment. The onset of a chronic illness can be a stressful event in any life stage including adolescence.. The interaction between the illness related problems and the psychosocial changes associated with normal adolescence makes it difficult for the patient to cope with the chronic illness in a constructive way.. Poor adherence to medical treatment and poor drug compliance are common concerns of the families and physicians dealing with diabetic adolescents. It is of an urgent importance to study effective, culturally appropriated interventions which focus on the high-risk diabetic adolescents with severe adherence difficulties and/or chronically poor metabolic control .

This was a randomized controlled trial (Experimental design). The sample consisted of sixty randomly selected male and female diabetic adolescents living in Esfahan, with an age range between 12 to 18 years old. They were randomly assigned to four groups with different subjects of training including: personal self-efficacy, communication skills, both subjects and no training (control group). The scale of self-efficacy in diabetes and Family Assessment Device (FAD) were then administered to all participants. Treatment adherene was also evaluated using laboratory tests for Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) index. Data were analysed using the one-way Analysis of the Variance (one-way ANOVA).

Significant difference was found between the groups regardind the scores of self-efficacy (F=3.725, P=0.017), FAD (F=4.151, P=0.01) and communication (F=8.302, P=0.000), as well as HbA1c results (F=3.088, P=0.035).

For preventing the short and the long term side effects of the diabetes mellitus, patients’ treatment adherence should be improved. Psychological interventions for enhancing self-efficacy and improving communication skills can be effective in this respect.

Depression is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. Cognitive Schemas have been well established to play a role in the development and the treatment of this disorder. Monotheistic view is a popular and well-received cognitive schema which is followed by specific emotions and deserves to be paid attention .

This is a review study on the verses of the holy Koran using the relevant resources and soft wares. Data has been classified to primary and secondary preventive categories and discussed accordingly .

We distracted three major axes of the monotheistic view as relevant in prevention and treatment of depression. They are: to encourage a positive way of thinking and a productive and creative state of mind, to remove negative attitudes and to reduce depressive symptoms and signs. Some of the important issues which are discussed in this regard according the holy Koran are as follows: this view gives a total perspective about the life which may answer some of the human basic questions about the philosophy of life and existence, it gives faith and wisdom, an attitude based on the trust in God and consent toward his will, it introduces ways for facing with problems such as poverty, financial worries, family problems and life negative events among many others .

Applying the mentioned axes, monotheistic view has a basic role in providing humankind with stable and satisfying emotions. As an effective cognitive schema in the treatment and prevention of depression, it can be applied in individual and social primary and secondary care programs. Cognitive schemas deducted from the monotheistic view can make a foundation for a new psychotherapeutic method for depression. In the full text of this material, we have discussed the similarities and differences of this view with other kinds of cognitive schemata.