نشریه زن در توسعه و سیاست
سال پنجم شماره 3 (پاییز 1386)

One of the discussions about knowledge and interpretation of religious texts is the effect of hidden factors on understanding and thought. These factors include an individual's subsistence level such as ethos and mentality – translator’s or interpreter’s age, gender, intelligence, as well as his/her native and ethnic culture.This study aims to investigate the effect of gender on discourses of two contemporary translations of certain Quranic verses. The translations of two contemporary translators, ‘Tahereh Saffarzadeh’ and ‘Mohammad Mahdi Foladvand’, are therefore analyzed. Using discourse analysis, the research seeks to answer the question of what kind of meaning is created by a patriarchal system and what kind of changes has this system undergone over the period of time. For the purposes of this study, a patriarchal system is considered as a discourse with an ideological function that, on the one hand, consists of various sub-discourses, and on the other hand, acts as a barrier which prevents cultural, social, and even biological facts from being neutrally reflected.The analysis of the effect of gender on the two aforementioned discourses shows major contrast between two semantic systems: one reproduces the patriarchal discourse, whereas the other tries to challenge the order of patriarchal discourse and to build new meanings to reinforce the signifiers of a discourse of equality and thus reveal the prominence of human identity over gender identity. In fact, by using various techniques, each translator tries to distinguish their favorite discourse signifiers and to deconstruct and marginalize the signifiers of the other discourse.

Nowadays, adolescent girls live in such a more complex and challengeable world that considering their infinite desires and potential abilities as social, cultural, economical and geographical conditions change their needs and social inclinations become more diverse and dynamic. This study probes into the social, cultural, and educational needs of adolescent girls studying at junior high school and high school in different provinces. 4500 female students at junior high schools and high schools from 5 province including Tehran, Esfahan, Fars, Sistan and Balochestan, and Azarbayjane Gharbi constitute the statistical sample of this research. The results show that the most important needs at high schools are as follows: ontological security, satisfactory philosophy of life, and gender equality and equity. Girl's most important educational needs are continuing with education content and educational technology. Also, the most important social, cultural and educational needs of girl students at junior high school are similar to that of high school students. With the exception that in social and cultural needs category the satisfactory philosophy of life and ontological security are placed in a different order.

The aim of the current research is to investigate relationship between domineering behavior of male and female teachers and rating of their performance and likeability by school managers. The sample consists of 79 school teachers and 79 school managers (including men and women). Instruments used are Wiggins(1995) Interpersonal adjective scale, Wayne & Liden (1995) teachers performance assessment, Ahvaz distortion inventory (1377) and domineering inventory by Bolino & Turnely (1999). Simple randomization is utilized for sampling method. Findings suggest domineering behavior brings acceptance for men while such behavior reduces women’s likability and acceptance. Similar results hold for performance appraisal (p<0.05). There is significant relation between interaction of teacher’s gender and domineering behavior(regression B for men is positive, for women it is negative. These findings confirm interaction of behavior and gender model. Findings are also discussed according to other theoretical models.

The title of this research should not delude the reader into assuming that the aim of study is to analyze and judge theories of feminism including various schools of thought. Rather this investigation has used the term "feminism" in that it is popularly utilized by Iranians to refer to issues of women's rights. It is sometimes observed that the advocates of Feminism have no knowledge of its different schools of thought and various sub- disciplines. The main aim of this essay is to outline the ideas and conducts of some Iranian women in their everyday life which are consciously or unconsciously interpreted from the feminist perspective. This critical examination highlights two types of women: resentful and critical. Resentment is taken as a category more akin to Max Scheler’s thought than to Nietzsche’s approach. Resentful women are those who want to take an impotent revenge to establish their identity negatively. Critical depicts a Socratic citizen. Those who by accepting Marcusian and Irigaraian difference, engage in knowing about themselves and act as a mature participant to change their life as well as other peoples. They foster common happiness and as a good citizen gain their rights. Cinema is the medium of research. The findings of this article are based on critical evaluation of two popular feature films, which depict either the passive surrender to the imperatives of reified situation or active participation to bring out “happiness” from the harsh realities of life, to give hope and make utopia of good life feasible.

This study aims to offer a sociological explanation of influential factors on the rate of tendency toward divorce in Kermanshah City. A combination of Homogamy theory, Exchange theory, and Network theory is used as the theoretical framework of the study. The study has been conducted via survey method and data is collected through questionnaire and interview. The statistical sample of study consists of the couples who had referred to Family Court in Kermanshah City to file for divorce during 2006. Overall, 364 people (182 men and 182 women) are chosen through systematic random sampling method. Dependent variable is the rate of tendency toward divorce. Impacts of independent variables, including interference of others in the couple's marital life; disability of satisfying the spouse's expectation, having positive imagination about divorce outcomes, on the dependant variable is measured through statistical techniques, based on SPSS. The results of the study show that almost half of the couples reported medium tendency towards divorce, whereas only 9 percent of couples had a strong tendency. Multivariate Regression Analysis reveals that tendency towards divorce is under direct influence of such variables as disability in satisfying spouse’s expectations, having positive imagination about divorce outcomes, and interference of others in couple’s marital life. Furthermore, such variable as age-related differences, educational differences, and opinion-related differences of couples have indirect effect on tendency towards divorce, through increasing disability in satisfying mate’s expectations. Interference of others in couple’s marital life has the strongest influence on tendency toward divorce.

One of the important problems concerning women in Iranian organizations is the stereotype attitudes towards women inherited from the past. Many of these negative attitudes have been made by men, and that’s why, women's efficiency and effectiveness in organizations seems low as compared to that of men. This study attempts to examine the popular clichés concerning women's organizational commitment, job involvement and organizational citizenship behavior in educational organizations (Ministry of Education, Ministry of Research & Technology, and Ministry of Health and Medical Education). The statistical sample consists of 819 people. The findings show that women's organizational commitment in educational organizations is not qualitatively different from that of men. Thus Women's involvement and organizational citizenship behavior is actually more than mens. Furthermore, the results show that organizational commitment has a significant causal relationship with job involvement and organizational citizenship behavior.

This study examines women's employment status, financial power and gender attitudes in their marital relationship from the point of decision making and household division of labor amongst rural families of Tehran province. Women's employment, financial power and gender attitudes have created new functional necessities in gender division of household roles and consequently on couple's relationship thus challenging the traditional system dominating couple's relationship. In line with this proposition, this research analyses the aforementioned variables as well as background variables on couple's relationship. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of women's employment (paramedic women), financial power and gender attitude on couple's relationship concerning decision making and household division of labor amongst rural families of Tehran Province. Few studies consider the changes in marital relationships in rural areas as a result of changes in family’s economic structure and women’s employment in new occupations. Paramedic (Behvarzi) is one of the new occupations in rural areas. The research is conducted using survey method, while the information is gathered through a questionnaire. The sample size is 400 and consists of rural women, both employed (paramedics) and housewives. Multistage cluster sampling technique is used to gather data. Findings show that marital relationships among employed women (paramedics) are different from that of housewives due to their different employment status and their interaction with outside world. The results also indicate that employed women’s financial power and their different attitudes increase their chance to receive help from their spouse. They also have a greater role in family’s decision-makings.