فصلنامه رشد فناوری
پیاپی 14 (بهار 1387)

In the recent years, importance and the role of small and medium enterprises was on the increase in industrial and developing countries. With the appearance of modern technology in the production and communications, some transitions have been created in the ways of production, distribution and organizational structure of agencies, and in this regard the importance of small and medium units has been found an upward movement. Developed countries and recently developed ones, have always applied special policies and strategies for improvement of small and medium industries and facilitating of enterprises entrance in the economical arena. They have applied those strategies for the competitions guarantee in the free market and restraint of big companies’ monopolization. Networking is referred to groups of enterprises which have cooperation in the special project with each other, and are using their own specialties for overcoming the usual and common difficulties, and gaining access to better efficiency. Networks are propounded in the universal trading subjects as a strong situation and condition, and have considered in the modern trading realm since 90s. Its importance as assistance in the creation of innovations in small and medium enterprises has been considered increasingly. Because small and medium enterprises have similar bonds, difficulties and opportunities, so they are providing the same networking policy strategy, the suitable networking facilities that are proportional with necessities and requirements of small and medium enterprises. Furthermore, clustering and networking of small and medium enterprises are considered as an important informational source and ideas creation for the process and productions innovations. On the other hand, the related small and medium enterprises can have the continual research and development, in which total sum of expenses is less than the research and developments expenses of each one solitarily and separately. In addition, products development, process recovery, common consultation and coordination in the process recovery of small and medium enterprises, which have been located in the networking discipline, are more fruitful than the processing and consultation of the distinct small and medium enterprises. Adoption of standard certificates and their related codes for the networking organizations is more accessible and cheaper. Also the instructional networks are providing this possibility, for accessing to the continual educational sources, for all small and medium enterprises in the networks. And finally advantages which obtained from the formation of small and medium enterprises networks can fulfill their needs in relation to their entrance to the universal competition arena. In this essay it was tried to consider the role of research and development networking among the small and medium enterprises and study the opportunities and problems which obtained from that. Furthermore, we will discuss the advantages and benefits of clustering and networking among the small and medium enterprises. The creation of values which obtained from research and development networking in the success and development of small and medium enterprises in the competition market will be analyzed too.

Nowadays, pay attention to research and development in Iran (our country) is more important than previous and especially more than developed countries. If Research is being directive it could be solvent for most of the disaster. In the current companies R&D is the merely competitive advantage and only organizations could be sustainable that have installed R&D. Hence this paper aim to develop a directive model for R&D centers in Iran to improve efficiency and effectiveness of such centers. Through Step by step executing of such model, R&D organization could be certain that each of their ideas (if being opportunity) will locate in a directive and default road to arrive the market. This will lead to a clear position to research plan in the R&D organization. The important characteristic of the model is that Market research, marketing, and commercialization are some of the stages of that which lead to inhibit of accumulation of no applicable knowledge in R&D organization.

Due to the effects of globalization on the economy and social relations, governments pay more attention on the issue of technology transfer. This is why the rapid formation and boost for support of existing national technology transfer institutions is witnessed on the regular basis. Reviews state that these kinds of institutions are facing various challenges. One of the basic challenges is due to the mismatch between the expectations and the structure of the institution. This problem by itself is caused by the global viewing on the problem. In this essay the technology transfer problem will be decomposed and different parts will be discussed to determine appropriate structure of national institutions.

According to definition, knowledge based economic development is creating value in society by means of wisdom, knowledge and technology. Some infrastructures for commercializing research outcomes and facilitating technological exchanges are required in order to form a system for getting to this point In other hand, Technology Clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected knowledge-based and innovative companies who work closely with each other, local suppliers, infrastructure providers, educational institutions, and other relevant agencies. Cluster-based development is based on the premise that a company (and their region) can realize higher levels of competitiveness when it looks beyond its own limited capacity and strategically partners with other companies and support institutions to address challenges and solve problems that it is unable to solve when operating as an isolated entity. It is an approach that encourages companies who compete to come together and identify ways in which they can cooperate to their mutual benefit This paper, with a review to basic concepts, presents the main components and requirements of technology clusters along with a compatible model to use it more effectively for commercialization of technology and R&D outcomes in Iran.

The organization economic co-operation and development (O.E.C.D) gives the definition of R&D as a creative work which is done based on systematic structure in order to find new usage out of technical and scientific resulted knowledge. Before the Second World War, only a few non-governmental institutions did research about industries. But at the time of the war, the R&D works developed quickly and the complexity of R&D works increased, so that resulted in improvement of new products. R&D importance and governments support and R&D proportion of GDP shows countries development ratio. In the present article, in order to have a better survey of R&Ds position and its network coincreasing ratio in Iran; at first librarian studies were done and some developed countries supporting samples were reviewed. All of them showed that relationship and network creation between R&D units in governmental and nongovernmental sectors in our country, accompanied with the relationship between industry and university. This can be practical in the best way in form of reinforcing of technology and science parks model. Then the R&D position is studied in Kerman industries. According to managers opinions, many of them emphasized R&D and started to build R&D units and they believed, it is so effective in profitability and value creation. But the important point is the supporting role of the government and the better effort to make the result of the researches applicable and the works of R&D in form of network.

In this paper, a study has been done about concept, implication, and necessity of a virtual science park (VSTP) for Iran. According to the critical success factors of a VSTP, and the presented model for VSTP in Iran together with its prerequisites strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that a VSTP in Iran may face, have been identified in the form of an SWOT analysis. Finally, the key development drivers of VSTPs in Iran have been introduced regarding the proposed analysis, in order to be applied by managers and planners of this field in Iran.

This article takes a look on the concepts of technology strategy as well as providing detail information on process oriented approach. The other aim of this article is to show the position of the technology strategy among the business strategy and nominate different perspectives upon this issue, and then two important perspectives will be explained. Following, the characteristics of different approaches for developing technology strategy, especially resource base approach, are introduced and the well known models of resource base approach for developing technology strategy are described. As the conclusion, models are getting compared to each other within a table under the basis of deployment steps of models, level of application, key strategic decision and product/process technology oriented.