نشریه مدیریت سلامت
پیاپی 13 (تابستان 1381)

The research has been carried out on rate of presenting initial and in-service training courses for employees in hospitals affiliated with Iran University of Medical Sciences. 182 employees of the followiong departments of four general-teaching hospitals were selected by stratify and sampling method for the study: Financial, radiology and supply departments as well as nursing office and service department. In this study required data has been collected by questionnaire and the collected data has been analyzed by cross-sectional statistic. Findings were as follow: • Rasool hospital had the highest rate of participation of employees III initial training courses (X=O.9) and Firoozabadi hospital had the lowest (X=O.5). • Nursing office had the highest rate of participation of the employee in initial training courses (X=2.2) and supply department had the lowest (X=OA). • Haftetir hopital had the highest rate of participation of the employees III in-service training courses (X=1.45) and Firoozabadi hospital had the lowest (X=O.97). • Nursing office had the highest rate of participation of employees in service training in these hospitals (X=2.2) and the service department had the lowest (X=O.35). The findings of this study revealed that the rate of presgnting training courses in this hospitals is not adequate and the logistic department had the lowest rate of traning courses than the clinical and paraclinical departments.

Today, Productivity is an all-encompassing and comprehensive issue. It does not only include a library but the whole society. It mostly deals with the materialization of objectives, use of resources for positive produ:ction, and finally the comparison between that, which is attained and that, which is feasible. Based on the said definitions, a case study was made on the finished cost of the books purchased at the International Book Fair. This was done by calculating the cost of each use of books in the reference section in order to stipulate the cost- benefit.

Nosocomial infections are those that new bomes and people are acquired them in the hospital setting and symptoms of these infections appear in hospital or after a patient has been discharged from the hospital, depending on the incubation of the infection in question. Only diseases that develop in patients who have been hospitalized for longer than 48 hours are considered true nosocomial infections. These hospital infections pose a potential hazard to the general community. The primary role of an infection-control program is to reduce the risk of hospital ¨acquired infection, there by, protecting patients, employees and visitors.
Effective patient care is the focal point for the prevention and control of nosocomial infections and is the reason for a control program. The main responsibility of taking care is put on the shoulder of infection control nurses (ICN). This person must collect the data of patients affected by nosocomial infections. This information are place and kind of infections, microorganisms of infection, report of the results of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance, the factors which cause the infection and disease in the host and their spread it out.

Pay attention to sanitary for fighting with these infection is simpler and easier than their treatment. Still, washing hands before and after contact with the patient is the most basic way of challenge with nosocomial infection.

Communication is to exchange information, feelings, thoughts and true between two or among more persons, which can be happened by writing, speaking, pointing out, verbal and nonverbal etc .... Communication, as intra Communication, verbal communication and group communication, transfers feelings and idea to others. Without this kind of communication a group working can not occur. Isolating thoughts, ideas and feelings will push us to a work individually and everybody will continue his way without consultation of others. Managers need to communicate with other people too. It is essential for an ideal management. The organization's communication will improve if we settle an effective communication. It has especial place and role in organization. The goal of this review article is to reach the role and place of effective communication in group, management and organization.

There is constant danger of patients admitted into the hospital acquiring infection while in the hospital. Such infections are known as Hospital Acquired Infections(HAI) or Nasocomial Infections.
Appearing of hospital infections is one of important health care quality indicators. These infections, annually impose many costs on secondary, tertiary and primary health care sectors, the patients themselves. and those who care for them.
This research was performed by Department of Health, with aim of providing a more comprehensive assessment of the nature, distribution and magnitude of costs resulting from HAIs. The study has estimated costs incurred by HAIs to the secondary, tertiary and primary health care sectors, community care services, patients, informal carers and NHS.
In addition to costs, also has estimated benefits of preventions.