فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 58 (زمستان 1387)

Corruption, in any different type, has destructive effects on fundamental decision making system, the manner of the allocation of original resources, and thereby economic development of nations and the welfare of future generations. Parasites and its different types are such as characteristics of natural resources economics-as oil and gas incomes. Parasites destroys production bases and it has caused that brokerage has been developed as well as it facilitates the development other countries economies in Iranian markets. Different types of poverty traps are as effects of parasites.Corruption is another reason of increasing public expenditures increase. Political market theory and methods of policymaker's influence on wrong allocation of resources theory as different types of log rolling and pork-barrel rather than corruption are known as main reasons of public expenditures increase. Iranian pattern of oil resources management can be assessed by the establishment of antidevelopment and disproduction institutions also in order to develop imports and brokerage that serious consequences of this structure for the supply as the suppression of productive structures and for demand as the stimulation of demand stabilize structural inflation in Iranian economy. Consequences of structural inflation strengthen activities that they cause other types of corruption. Maybe, the first consequence of structural inflation in Iranian economy is the stabilization of chronic poverty and inequality and forming different types of poverty traps that their winners are the rich,but losers are the poor. On the other hand, middle classes of the ociety,regardless their historical, social, and moral responsibilities, attempts to increase their personal shares of oil incomes by approaching centers of power. Social overflows of increasingly parasite activities in Iranian economy have serious consequences for the present and future generations.Oil economy prepares a good way for the corruption that one of them are oil contracts. Expectations of privatization as today's slogan of Iranian economy and as one of solutions of economic problems will be failed to meet for different reasons such as agency and lack of necessary institutions to keep public interests and social balance and it is likely that it has serious consequences for the society.

The expansion of hidden economy as well as increasing its ratio in economy prepares a good way for economic corruption. On the other hand, it can be said that hidden economy is an effect of economic corruption. According to serious consequences of the expansion of hidden economy for the trend of economic development, the importance of removing effective factors on the expansion of hidden economy and the importance of finding solutions to develop formal economy are emphasized.The paper emphasizes doing business indicators as an indicator of all effective factors on enterprises activity in formal sector and it discusses the relationship between ten doing business indicators reform and underground and hidden economies to use different solutions to reform each of them as a serious solution to combat economic corruptions according to their priorities.Results of studies show that reforming all ten doing business indicators influence the evelopment of formal sector and the reduction of hidden economy directly and indirectly. Among ten doing business indicators, three indicators play major role in the reduction of hidden economy such as tax payment, employment, and foreign trade indicators. As they influence the reduction of hidden economy directly and according to studies, in doing business they are more effective on underground economy than others. Consequently, the amendment of tax payment, employment, and foreign trade acts are good solutions to reduce hidden economy.

The paper discusses only current definition of corruption- that it is just limited to public sector- and challenges it. Whereas according to Concise Oxford Economic Dictionary, World Bank, and Transparency International, corruption can not be only limited to public sector and it can be seen in private sector. Approaches of famous economists and journal of economics issues to the definition of corruption focus on the current definition of corruption mainly, but it has been gone beyond the public sector and private sector is involved too.The paper outlines Libertarian's approach to the problem of corruption and criticizes the rivatization and economic liberalism followers who support private sector and believe that corruption is only limited to public sector. But the paper discusses institutionalism approach to the problem of corruption (that it believes corruption is an institutional phenomenon and it involves both private and public sectors).At the beginning of the paper, the theory that organizational corruption is not only limited to public sector has been criticized but private sector involves in corrupt behaviors. Also the paper explains corruption is not only because of self interests, but it can refer to "noble cause corruption" that discusses in some cases causes of corruption are perfectly moral.

Combating corruption-that its importance has been recently strengthenedhas different aspects. Nowadays, new science of criminal policy in addition to reaction-prevention from corruption- that it has been described as criminal organizations- discusses action-prevention or criminological prevention. The paper defines corruption and two kinds of preventions from corruption mentioned above. Then it discusses helping different countries to combat corruption- that it is implemented by the United Nations convention against corruption. Finally, the role of free flow of information is discussed and its importance for social prevention from corruption is emphasized.

The paper has the main objective to evaluate effects of money laundering on national economy. Money laundering or money laundry is a criminal activity, in a large size and group; in a long term and continuously that it goes beyond political limits of the country. The paper overviews money laundering ways and discusses its effects on financial, monetary, real, and public sectors. Results show that corruption as a widespread phenomenon causes to create enormous incomes so that corruption networks can transfer even billion dollars of its proceeds.The importance of money laundering has been emphasized for its major role in organizational crimes too. According to studies, Iran is one of countries that it has no remarkable money laundering, but the US by 18.5% of money laundering has ranked the first in the world. It canbe seen serious consequents of money laundering in monetary, public,and real sectors obviously so that it could lead to the reduction of production and employment, profiting from money laundering, artificial price rise in unreal sector of economy, the reduction of economic growth and welfare, and the economic insecurity and instability.

Corruption is dishonest or illegal behavior, especially of people in authority that it leads to loss and gain directly or indirectly. Really,corruption implies a group of crimes that their main characteristic is abuse of power. Iranian criminal laws discusses only types of crimes, but it talks nothing about a group of crimes that they have common features such as economic crimes, terrorist crimes, corruption, and organizational crimes. Vice versa criminal policy of international documents or laws prepares a way to recognize a group of crimes according to their types that corruption is known as one of them. Although some types of corruption havent been predicted by Iranian criminal laws, there are two steps to combat corruption: the first step is joining the United Nations convention against corruption- that Iran joined it at Nov. 2008- to combat corruption. The second step is predicting criminal, bureaucratic, and civil sanctions for the implementation of the UN convention against corruption as well as removing defects of existing laws. Then the paper outlines the term and types of corruption to define it as used in international criminal laws and to define its legislativerequirement as well.

Different researches show that there is a close relationship between corruption and poverty. The paper defines corruption and poverty, it discusses available theories and uses statistics to prove the hypothesis that corruption indices can not bore no relationship to human development because developed countries- that corruption indices are taken into consideration in there and they reached good governancehuman development index is raised as well. But in developing countries- that human development index is fell- there is no indices of corruption and good governance. Also corruption has a close and bilateral relationship with poverty. Consequently, it is recommended that due to apply anti-corruption planning and strategies; poverty must be relieved as well as to apply strategies of alleviating corruption, corruption must be combated. Since every country faces to these two serious problems much or less, practically it is necessary to apply two strategies to succeed.

Iranian-Russian Military and defensive co-operations have been developed since two last decades that in order to study these bilateral relations, it needs to focus only on their defensive relations. There have been many national, regional, and international components as motives to expand their bilateral defensive relations. As long as these relations are kept, there will be a possible outlook for future development of their defensive co-operations. The development of cooperations can develop Iranian-Russia strategic relations as well.Furthermore, they can lead to good regional effects as changes of Central Eurasia (Central Asia and Caucasus) security.