نشریه پرستاری ایران
پیاپی 56 (زمستان 1387)

Young people are most at risk of acquiring AIDS worldwide. It seems to be that proper education and knowledge about prevention methods is the most effective method for reducing the risk of HIV infection among this group. The aim of this survey was to elucidate the degrees of proper knowledge, attitude, and responses of Iran University of Medical Sciences students towards AIDS in 1385-86 Material- The study subjects consisted of 4237 students, 425 of them were selected randomly based on each school student population. A questionnaire was filled out for each student. It consisted of questions regarding demographic data, knowledge, attitude, and other performance questions. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by SPSS software Most students in different grades and in different schools had high levels of knowledge (above 60%) about AIDS and its transmission routes. Among them, medical students had the highest level of knowledge (p<0.05).Most students (75.8%) indicated that they had been previously informed about AIDS through mass-media (radio, TV).Seventy five percent of the interviewed students had positive attitude towards preventive methods and believed that by strictly observing preventing behaviors we can not only reduce the chances of disease transmission, but also can properly interact with AIDS afflicted individuals. Around 84/7% of the students believed that proper sterilization of instruments is adequate for virus eradication and 55.5% of them believed that chlorine bleaching of blood contaminated surfaces is the best disinfection method. The results of this survey indicates the importance of education through mass media and other means such as in university books, in reducing the risk of AIDS transmission. Education of preventive methods both in simple and sophisticated language can do the most in elevating the general knowledge of people about AIDS and its methods of transmission.

Mercury is a dangerous substance for human health and mercury thermometers are major pollutant for environment. Using less dangerous and less expensive devices like digital thermometer can be an alternative for mercury thermometers. The aim of this study was to compare the body temperature measurement by mercury and digital thermometer. In this descriptive- analytical study, 542 patients (331 Female and 211 Males) were selected through convenience sampling. Data was gathered by demographic information form. Body temperature was measured simultaneously by digital and mercury thermometer while each thermometer was placed axillary, and after 5 minutes they were read by a nurse. The mean temperature measured by mercury and digital thermometer was 36.48 ± 0.84 and 36.51 ± 0.87, respectively. There was no statistical significant difference between measurement by mercury and digital thermometer. For detecting fever, digital thermometer had 85.4% and 95.7% sensitivity and specificity respectively. Positive and negative predictive value for digital thermomentr were 81.1% and 96.8%, respectively. Regarding low sensitivity of digital thermometer, it can be concluded that mercury thermometer is still suitable device to detect fever.

Fertility is highly valued in most cultures, and the desire to have a child is essential for human motivation. Studies have shown that infertility has negative effects on quality of life. However, recognition of factors influencing quality of life may be useful in planning to improve it. The aim of this study was to investigate quality of life and influential factors among infertile women. This study had correlational design in which 3 types of questionnaires was used to collect data about demographic factors, quality of life and irrational parenthood cognitions of the participants. One hundred forty seven infertile women without known physical or psychological disorders, selected by continuous sampling method, filled out questionnaires. Regarding the findings, the quality of life of 48.3%, 36.1% and 15.6% of samples were good, fair and poor, respectively. Also, statistically meaningful relationship were found between quality of life and history of infertility treatment (P= 0.011), strength of desire to have child (P < 0.0001), previous pregnancy outcome (P=0.04), and irrational parenthood cognitions (P < 0.0001). Quality of life of infertile women could be affected by the irrational parenthood cognitions mostly. So, identifying this group would result in better management for allocation of appropriate counseling. The researchers suggest comparative study of quality of life between infertile and fertile women.

Object and Cesarean is the surgical delivery of an infant, placenta and membranes through an Incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus. That now contains 50-65 percent of deliveries in our country. So this study designed in order to identifying influence factors in end of pregnancy. This study conducted on 420 referred mothers to governmental and privative hospitals in Shiraz and data collected by structured questionnaire and finally analyzed in SPSS software by fisher exact test, independent t-test and multiple regression. The overall prevalence of cesarean was 66.4% that calculated 89% and 63.28% in privative and governmental hospitals respectively. Age, height, BMI, socioeconomic status, null parity, acceptance in privative hospitals, cesarean history, induction of labor, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia and breach preview show a significant relationship with cesarean section.(P<0.05). In final model cesarean history, age after 35 and education were most important factor for cesarean section. Although cesarean identify as a saviour practice mothers and neonatal in emergency times but because of tendency physicians for economical benefits and also mothers for avoid from fear and pain of labor is increasing. And must be persuading mothers especially null par mothers to vaginal delivery due to very side effects of cesarean until don’t force to cesarean in sequential deliveries.

Social changes, economic conditions, social class and living place situations have been understood as stressors for head nurses. Head nurses have an important role in quality of service delivery to clients. The purpose of this study was to examine stress among head nurses in selected hospitals of Tehran. Martial and This was a descriptive cross-sectional study on 90 head nurses selected by census sampling. The participants filled out a questionnaire containing demographic characteristics and stressors variables. Data were analyzed by SPSS and descriptive and inferential statistical were reported. The finding showed that 74.4% of head nurses had normal stress and 25.6% of them had severe stress. There was statistically significant relationship between stress and experiencing general management course (P= 0.03). Role conflict and the absence of organizational support were respectively found to have the most and the least influential effect on stress. Also, job stress in head nurses who had passed general management course was less than the others.

Although cesarean section has been considered as a way for reducing infant and mother mortality rate, it has been changed to a general dilemma, so that in Iran, cesarean rate is higher than World Health Organization standards. The aim of this study was to discover the process of decision making for selection of cesarean delivery by those whodid not have indication for cesarean. Twenty six pregnant women, experiencing the third trimester, were selected based on purposeful and theoretical sampling. For access to participants, the researcher referred to one teaching health care centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences and two private offices of gynecology in Tehran, Iran. The data were collected by semi-structured interviews. All data were audio taped and transcribed. Data collection and analysis was performed simultaneously. Constant comparative method was used to analyze data. The main categories were “fear due to not having knowledge”, “being painless, and physical and spiritual peace” and “unpleasant experience of others and their encouragement”, “being worry of complications”, “inappropriate communication of health care staff”, and “the feeling of loneliness and death”, “infant’s health”. Constant analysis of data revealed that women get through for creation balance in order to receipt the best result, process of to consider, making a lawful and to choice. Attentive to main theme that it is fear of labor and delivery is a physiology phenomenon. It is necessary to encourage methods for relieving pain and fear and for promoting self-esteem in order to make good decision by pregnant women. It is also important to encourage women for vaginal delivery.

Nowadays, CABG is classified among the most common and risky surgeries. Since heart is a vital organ, patients confronting this kind of surgery, experience more anxiety than the patients having other surgeries. The purpose of this study was ti determine the effects of education using VCD and booklet on pre-operative anxiety of CABG candidates in two different times, in Tehran Heart Center-year 2006. In this clinical trial study, one hundred and twenty 45-65 years old CABG candidates were recruited consecutively and randomly assigned in 4­groups, each including 30 ­patients. All patients completed demographic data sheet and Spiel Berger questionnaire in their admission day and the day of surgery. Every other one patient assigned in two groups of education either by VCD or booklet one day before surgery. After completing patient in two group and one week pause, this procedure was repeated for two other groups of education 6­ days before surgery. sThe findings showed that state and trait anxiety of 4 studied groups reduced after education, when compared with pre-education time. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a statistically significant difference between means of state anxiety before and after education in 4­ group (P=0.004). Scheffe test indicated that education using VCD, 6­ days before surgery has had the most effect and meanwhile, education using booklet, 6 ­day before surgery has had the least effect on reducing the state anxiety of participants. Regarding the results of this study, education using VCD, 6­ days before CABG and booklet, one day before CABG has the most effect on reducing pre-operative anxiety.