فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی
پیاپی 67 (زمستان 1383)

The purpose of this paper is introducing one endogenous growth model for analysis relation between rent – seeking and economic growth. While traditional models stressed the importance of labor and capital for economic growth، endogenous growth models believe that institutional and structural arrangements play a key role in explaining economic growth. There is a problem in dealing with empirical evidence effects of rent – seeking on economic growth، namely: measuring rent – seeking. This problem is caused, in empirical studies use different proxy for rent – seeking Variable. In this paper is used of average tariff rate and government size for rent -seeking variable. The estimate of growth equation shows that rent –seeking had a negative effect on economic growth during 1960-2002 in Iran.

In this paper, some of the various sources of intra industry trade described in the literature are combined in a panel regression analysis to determine if these proposed behavioral causes could be empirically verified. The dependent variable is Grubel & Lloyd index. The index is measured at the 6-digit level of harmonized commodity description and coding system in the period 1997-2001. The results of our econometric study support the hypotheses put forward in literature as far as the common characteristics of the countries in question are mostly concerned. Thus, the regression coefficients of the average gross national income, income inequality, average country size, inequality in country size and distance, all have the expected sign and are statistically significant in 10 percent level in the fixed effect model. The trade imbalance coefficient has its expected negative sign and is statistically insignificant.

This research is concentrated on elaborating the structure of the selected agricultural export commodities in Iran, namely; apple, grape, date, pistachio.In order to find the functioning of these markets, the concentration ratios in each of these markets have been analysed for 1961-2000 period.This study is considering the structure of these markets from competition point of view, and explaining the concentration degree in supply side of the market as well demand side, and also evaluating the effect of the concentration on the non-oil export income of Iran.Investigating the market share of the above four commodities for Iran revealed that the market share for pistachio is the only one which has a significant effect in the concentration ratio of the world pistachio market and the concentration ratio in none of these markets have any significant effect in the average world price of that commodity. Finally it is found that only the structure of pistachio market has a significant effect on the non-oil income of Iran.

In this paper optimum rate of unemployment has been measured and compared it with the natural rate, using the reliable statistical resources during 1972-2001. Results show that, there is a significant difference between optimum and natural rate of unemployment. The optimum rate is estimated using the quadratic regression of the Loafer curve and the simulation model to confirm regression coefficients. The natural rate is estimated by the George Perry & Gordon researches and comparative expectation models. Our conclusion implies that the difference between the optimum and natural rate is due to the misuse of instrumental variables in the model, where as the difference between the natural rate and present rate of unemployment in Iran is the result of surplus supply of labor and the lack of equilibrium in supply & demand of labor. The estimation of unemployment also is done, considering the third development planning to gain an optimum rate in this paper. The simulation results confirm the induced coefficients and studying the inflation unemployment trade off confirms the existence of Phillips curve in Iran.

Until late 1970s it was overwhelmingly believed that monetary policy can be used to smooth the fluctuations in business cycles. However, by introducing the concept of rational expectations in macroeconomics the effectivity of monetary policy on real variable has been challenged.Currently, most economists believe that change in monetary aggregates do not affect real variables in long run whereas they do not think so in the short run.The concept of superneutrality of money refers to ineffectiveness of change in growth of money on real variables in long run. The recent progress made in features of time-series have questioned the credibility of the statistical tests to evaluate the Neutrality of money.The purpose of the present paper is to use the Fisher-Seater method to test the neutrality and superneutrality of money applying to the time series data for Iranian economy during 1959-2001. We conclude that money has been neutral in Iran. Also it is found the superneutrality of money is addressable for the Iranian economy during the period under consideration.

Although the theory of the internal RER is well developed, nevertheless, the actual computation of the different versions of the internal RER pose both conceptual and empirical problems especially for developing country including Iran. Necessary data for computing different Indexes of two goods internal RER are collected annually، indeed it can be hardly accessed through using unaggregate data in terms of value added of GDP. Therefore, in developing countries, every production or expenditure base Index of the internal RER may be meaningfully diverges from each other. Computation of production base indexes of the internal RER using production sectoral data for countries is as a measure for controlling expenditure base indexes.

Inflation has been the focus of numerous studies in the recent decades, both for developing and under developing countries. Although there is a general understanding about the consequences of inflation, its causes and cures are still controversial issues amongst economists. This study considers much empirical evidence and indicates the shortcomings of the other studies. We have used data from 1960 to 2001. Three econometric methods, such as Engle& Granger, Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)، and Johanson - Joselious co integration test - have been used to examine the long run relationship between inflation rate and monetary policies. Our results indicate that a 10 percent increase in the monetary growth leads to a 3 percent increase in inflation rate. Hence the hypothesis of monetary inflation is not accepted in Iran’s economy, while out put, import price index and exchange rate are of the most important in influencing inflation rate in Iran. Our results also from VDCF and IRF methods show that money in Iran’s economy is endogenous and therefore monetary authorities do not have any control on it. Finally it was resulted that since inflationary effects of money growth certainly last in more than a period, using active monetary policies is not recommended.

Growth is agriculture production has proven a powerful instrument for developing countries to promote economic growth, development, and poverty reduction. An addition one of the factors that plays important role in improving the value -added in agriculture is government expenditure in this section. Despite the significant role agriculture growth plays in the gross national product and poverty reduction in country and effects have government expenditure on the value -added in agriculture the amount of expenditure is not beyond 6 percent during period of study. Agriculture is main job of rural aria and unfortunately majority of population in this aria live under poverty line. In this essay try to inquiry effects government expenditure in agriculture sector on rural poverty. Then model presented and it estimated with 2SLS method. Final results in this essay show growth in government expenditure lead to increase agriculture value -added and so decrease poverty in rural aria in country.

Using Johansen-Juselius (1990) co-integration technique and Iranian annual data, stability of money demand function was analyzed. We found that M2 monetary aggregates are Co-integrating with real gross domestic products (GDP), inflation rate and exchange rate in parallel market. To analyze the speed of adjustment, we used residual of long run model in order to estimate an error-correction model (ECM). The coefficient of error-correction term is small (0.16) and says that the process of adjustment in the Iranian money market is very slow. Application of CUSUM and CUSUMSQ test proposed by Brown, Durbin and Evans (1975) reveal that the money demand function is stable over the whole period and we can not reject the null hypothesis of no structural break.

This study compares parametric and non-parametric approaches for the efficiency and scale economics of range management projects in 3 provinces.The DEA results indicate that: 1- There is a potential to raise technical-efficiency 33% in range. management projects; 2- Increasing return - to - scale(IRTS) is prevalent in production process; 3- Ordering the provinces according to the level of technical efficiency position khorasan, west-Azarbaijan, Yazd in the first, second and third place. 4- The feeling of possession and local methods of management and division of range land has a positive impact on the sustainability of pasture lands. 5- The increasing number of livestock and livestock operators lead to a decline in the biologic capacity of pasture lands. 6- Extension trainings are successful for increasing of efficiency.The comparative study of approaches show: 1- Both have their specific potential; 2- There is the possibility of contradictory results; 3- The application of the results of parametric approach in non-parametric approach modeling reduce the possible deficiencies of the latter; 4- The application of parametric approach in the agricultural and natural resource researches is very essential because of their characteristics; 5- The average efficiency in DEA-VRS is likely higher comparing to SFA in Agricultural and natural resource section.