فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناختی
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 13، زمستان 1387)

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of social problem - solving and its components with narcissistic and antisocial personalities in the high school students. The research sample consisted of 300 high school students which were selected through random sampling method in the Ardabil city. Together the data, Social Problem – Solving Inventory and Millon Clinical Multi-axial Inventory were used. The results showed that positive problem orientation(r=0.16), negative problem orientation(r=0.12), impulsivity/carelessness style(r=0.30) and avoidance style (r=0.14) of social problem - solving were related to narcissistic personality (P <0.05). The results showed that negative problem orientation(r=0.30), impulsivity/carelessness style(r=0.40), rational problem solving(r=-0.21) and avoidance style (r=0.38) of social problem - solving were related to antisocial personality (P <0.01). The multiple regression analyses showed that positive problem orientation and impulsivity/carelessness style were the best predictors for narcissistic personality. While impulsivity/carelessness style, avoidance style, rational problem solving and positive problem orientation, were the best predictors for antisocial personality. The results stated that high levels of inappropriate social problem - solving increases inefficient personalities.

Social phobia and shyness are terms used to describe those who are reticent in social situations. Despite similarities between shyness and social phobia, the majority of shy individuals do not meet criteria for social phobia. Therefore these two conditions are not the same and might have some differences. The aim of the current study was to examine differences between shyness and social phobia in different aspects. The sample consisted of 87 participants. 30 participants were individuals with a diagnosis of social phobia, 26 participants were shy individuals and 31 participants were normal individuals. Social phobia sample were selected from counseling center of Shiraz University and control groups were screened from 300 students who were selected using cluster sampling method from Shiraz University. The instruments were used: Social Phobia Inventory, Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale, Body Sensations Questionnaire, and Communication skill Test Revised.Results shoued Shy and social phobia groups compared will, normal group demonstrated less social skills. Shy and social phobia groups showed a significant difference in body sensations scale, but showed no difference in social skills scale. The results were discussed in terms of different theories on social phobia.

Happiness as the one of the most important human psychological needs, received remarkable attention, because of its marked impact on the human life. However, while there are many research evidence about negative affect, the evidence about happiness seems to be rare. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between vitality and demographic variables with happiness, in Isfahan population. Therefore, in the format of a correlation research design, 80 male and 80 female subjects were selected from Isfahan population, using cluster random sampling. All subjects responded to items of Oxford Happiness Inventory (0.82), Vitality Scale (0.79), and Demographic Questionnaire (including age, gender, marital status, education, academic performance, economic status, family size, income). The data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression and analysis of covariance. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between happiness and vitality (P<0.01). There was also a significant negative correlation between happiness and family size (P<0.01), and no significant difference was found between the degree of happiness among male and female and also between single and married subjects. Therefore, it was concluded that the more vitality increases and family size decreases, the more happiness would be as a result.

In this research, the effect of dyslexia on self-esteem factors among dyslexic students has been taken into consideration. The purpose of this research was to compare the level of general, educational, physical, familial and social self-esteem factors among normal and dyslexic students. The research method was a kind of applied one and it was done in form of field study. The of statistical population consists of the whole normal and dyslexic students from third to fifth grades of primary schools of Tehran. In order to do the research, first of all forty dyslexic students in primary school took identical tests (Wechsler children intelligence test and reading disorder test), and then they were chosen randomly according to multiple stage cluster sampling method. Then forty normal primary students were chosen purposefully to be compared with dyslexic students. The pope questionnaire was used to measure the level of self- esteem of dyslexic and normal students. In the end. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), and one-way analysis of variance. According to the results, there was a significant difference between general, educational, familial and social self-esteem of normal and dyslexic students. But there was not any significant difference between physical self-esteem of normal and dyslexic children. In other words, dyslexic children had less general familial and social self-esteem in comparison with normal children but both group had the sam physical self-esteem. Therefore, according to the obtained results, it is possible to suggest educational authorities to use educational guidelines to increase self-esteem of dyslexic children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between different types of cild abuse (physical,emotional,sexual and neglect)by parents and depression among out-pations at counseling center in Esfahan.Besides,it explores how much different types of maltreatment could account for depression.In doing so, 131 subjects were randomly selected from depressed out-patients during 1384-1385.To collect data, the Beck’s depression and Mohammad-Kani’s self –report maltreatment questionnaires were used.The results of this study indicated that emotional,physical and sexual maltreatment,repectively account for 23./.,27./.,and 32./. of variance in depression among the subjects.

The objectives were to study the level of hardiness in residents of medical specialties and assess the relationship of this variable and its components with gender, age, marital status, having children and specialty fields.In this cross-sectional study, 194 second year medical residents from Tehran University of Medical science completed our survey. Second year residents were chosen as the reference population because in some specialties, residents must pass MPH course or general internal medicine during the first year so they are not exposed to their specialties and the related clinical environment. On the other hand, third and fourth year residents considered senior and usually are confront with lower work load and stress. The mean hardiness score was 63.91±11.09 (with potential max score of 100 and the min of 0). The residents of neurosurgery, psychiatry and emergency medicine had the highest scores in hardiness. There was a significant relationship between gender and control as a component of hardiness: male residents have higher score in control than female (P=0.009). The relationship between hardiness, commitment and control with marital status was also significant (P=0.04, P=0.002, P=0.005): the married physicians had higher scores in these three components. There was a significant relationship between commitment and having children (P=0.014).Considering the important role of hardiness as a stress modifier, it’s necessary to provide education for increasing hardiness among residents especially for high risk groups. These programs can help them choose appropriate coping and adaptive strategies, and decrease burn out, job dissatisfaction and patient mismanagement.

In this research the quality of parent- Child Relationship of two Groups of Aggressive and Non Aggressive male Students were compared.Variables of study such as: quality of parent- Child Relationship and its sub- Scales (father positive affect, father involvement, communication, anger, mother positive affect, resentment/role confusion Identification, and communication), aggression and its sub- Scales (physical Mothers, verbal aggression, anger and hostility).By using cluster sampling, 258 mole high school students, age 14-17 years old were choosen. The instruments were parent- child Relationship survey (PCRS) and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ).The method for analyzing the obtained data was U-man whitny because of non-normal distribution population- to compare independent variables.Results indicated that non aggressive students in all dimensions of father-child relationship was more involved than the Aggressive students but in terms of mother- child relationship difference and similarity dimensions were significant.