فصلنامه یافته
سال دهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 33، زمستان 1387)

About 8 percent of Iranian adult population are illicit drug abusers. Affected persons grow more each day. Ominous consequences such as divorce, prostitution, murder and other crimes and infectious diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis take place following drug abuse, as well as a loss equall to 29% of national income for our country. Traditional treatment methods wasted too much time and cost. professional inpatient clinics are not adequate for admission of all care seekers. Rapid detoxification methods are supposed to be better alternatives.

140 male drug abusers in two matched groups were assessed from March to September, 2005. They used heroin or opium. Both groups were scheduled for detoxification and were closely observed for 3 months thereafter. First group received Clonidine, Benzodiazepine and Naltrexone besides symptom relieving modalities in first 4 days of treatment. Naltrexone was continued in maintenance dose for one month. Second group received Methadone for one month.

Client's age was between 18 to 73 years, with mean age 34 years old. Their intelligence quotients were above the lower limit of normal range. There was no significant difference according to these parameters between two groups. Success rate in rapid detoxification group was 55 % and in Methadone group was 50 %. Relapse in rapid detoxification method occurred less frequent and slower (45 % vs. 50%). In Naltrexone group, better success rate was due to less duration of drug abuse and heroin dependency. In Methadone group, therapy had better results in patients with longer drug abuse history and opium addiction. There was no significant difference between success rate and either drug kind or job, marital status or education level. The most serious adverse effect in both groups was hypotension (10% in Naltrexone and 5 % in Methadone groups).

Borderline Personality disorder is a disabling disease affecting 2% of general population. Various drugs have been suggested for treatment of borderline Personality disorder. If a drug could alleviate a wide range of symptoms, it would be more suitable. In these disorders drug addiction is very common. This fact makes the symptoms complicated and the treatment more difficult. This study is designed to evaluate the effect of Olanzapine and Sertraline in patients suffering from personality disorders who are on methadone maintenance therapy. This clinical trial study was carried out on 120 male and female cases chosen for methadone maintenance therapy through interview by a psychiatrist based on DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for BPD. Afterwards they were randomly divided into two groups. These groups separately received Olanzapine (5-10 mg daily) and Sertraline (50-100 mg daily) therapy. The SCL-90 questionnaire was filled out by the participants before treatment and at the 4th, 8th and 12th weeks of the treatment. According to this clinical trial, Olanzapine and Sertraline were effective in ameliorating symptoms of depression, anxiety and aggression, reducing sensitivity in interpersonal relationship and alleviating obsessive symptoms, pessimistic behaviors and somatization disorders in patients with personality disorders on methadone maintenance therapy. As results of this study stated that Olanzapine and Sertraline are definitely effective in alleviating symptoms of patients with personality disorder, prescribing theses drugs are highly recommended for these patients.

As There is not accurate information about ocular defects in Thalassemia Major ‎‎(TM) patients in Mazandaran province, this study was designed to assess the prevalence of ‎ophtalmopathies in thalassemic patients and also recognize its relevant factors in Sari Boo Ali Sina ‎hospital. Sari.‎ This descriptive Cross-sectional was Carried out on 60 TM patients in ‎Thalassemia center at Sari Boo Ali Sina hospital. Subjects were selected by systematic sampling. ‎After gathering demographic data, patients were evaluated about their illness and its complications ‎from their medical records. Their visual acuity was assessed using Snell chart by an optometrist. ‎Evaluation of retina was done by our ophthalmologist colleague. Visual evoked potential (VEP) ‎was assessed by TOENEES instrument made in Italy which had the ability to assess both VEP and ‎P300. Findings were analyzed by SPSS13 software and Chi square and Mann-whitney tests.‎ 60 patients underwen this study that 33 of them (55%) were male. 4 of them (6.6%) had ‎problems in visual acuity. 3 of these became normal after refractive correction. 3 patients (5%) had ‎Inferior Posterior Cortical Cataract. 2 of them (3.3%) had punctuate lens cortical opacity and one ‎‎(1.7%) had mild nuclear sclerosis. 4 patients(6.7%) had macular pigmentation and one (1.7%) had ‎left optic nerve head pit. No abnormal finding was detected in VEP, such as latency in voltage. Totally 20 patients had ocular complications. These defects can be a result of ‎desferal toxicity or Iron toxicity and drug effects on binding to cupper and zinc and removing them ‎from retinal cells or extramedulary hematopoesis. So based on the results, ophthalmologic ‎evaluation of TM patients and tight desferal dose adjustment in these patients seems necessary. ‎

This article reviews experimental and clinical studies in which neural injuries ‎repaired with bone marrow stromal cells. History: Bone marrow contains two kinds of stem cells: hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic ‎‎(stromal) stem cell. In vitro studies indicate that bone marrow stromal cells have the capacity of ‎differentiation into other cells (such as neural cell) under treatment with inducing agents. On the ‎other hand, in vivo studies have shown that after transplantation of this cells into damaged neural ‎tissues, engraft to host tissue, differentiat to neural cell and improves neurological and motor ‎function. In addition to direct injection, other noninvasive methods such as intravenous, ‎intraventricular and lumbar puncture use for bone marrow stromal cell transplantation. Bone marrow stromal cells are suitable source for the treatment of neural injuries ‎because of easily available, immunological inert after transplantation, rapid expansion in culture, ‎gene expression of neural cells and engraftment to host neural tissue. ‎

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is one of the most commen hyper androgenic ‎disorders affecting women, its prevalence being estimated at 5% – 10%. Our goal was to survey ‎abnormal glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and incidence of diabetes type 2 in patients with ‎polycystic ovary syndrome. This investigation is a descriptive – analytic study which is done to ‎survey abnormal glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and incidene of diabetes type 2 in polycystic ‎ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study included 150 patients with the diagnosis of PCOS. These ‎patients were chosen by target based sampling. Among the subjects, laboratory tests were ‎performed for 125 patients. Questionnaire, fasting blood suger test, fasting insulin and glucose ‎tolerance test by 75gr glucose, were used as data gathering tools. The results of the blood suger test ‎were interpreted using the WHO 1999 criteria. The results of oral and glucose tolerance test showed 14. 4 percent of the patients had ‎impaired fasting glucose and 4 percent of the patients had diabetes type 2 (FBS>126mg/dl). Insulin ‎resistance was seen in 9. 8 percent of the patients. 7. 2 percent of the patients had impaired blood ‎suger after two hours (140-199 mg/dl) and 0. 8 persent of patients had diabetes type 2 (200>mg/dl). level of fasting blood suger and insulin and ratio of fasting blood suger to fasting ‎insulin were good markers for diagnosis of insulin resistance. American diabetic association recommended for the care of young women with PCOS, screening ‎for impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes type2. ‎

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent ‎psychiadric disorders starting from Childhood and is considered as an important mental health ‎problem of a society. Behavioral disorders including ADHD may have distractive effects on peoples ‎social, educational, personality, and behavioral relationship in their childhood and adulthood. ‎Therefore, we decided to conduct the present research for ADHD in elementary school students of ‎Khoramabad year 2004.‎ This research was a cross-sectional study. Its statistical community ‎includes all the students studing in grades one to five at elementary school in Khorramabad ‎‎(N=945).‎ Some 16 state and private schools (8 girls and 8 boys schools) were selected in a cluster and multi-‎stage method. The standardized questionnaire Child symptom inventories – 4 (CSI4) has been used ‎to collect data, which was a means for the prevalens of children’s psychiatric disorders. Owing to ‎their scoring. The cases which showed ADHD were undergone clinical examination by psychiatrist. ‎Then, the results were analyzed using descriptive statistic and X2 test.‎ The total sample was 945 children There were 50.7% and 49.3% girls and boys ‎respectively. Some 3.17 per cent of them were reported to suffer from ADHD the most percentages ‎of which were of inattention (40%), overactivens (33.3%), and mixed type (26.6%). ADHD was ‎reported to be more prevalent in boys than girls (4.9% VS. 1.5%). The students in grade 5 showed ‎the lowest, and those in grade 2 and 3 showed the highest prevalence rate of suffering from ADHD. ‎There was also a significant relationship between children’s sex and ADHD (P<0.005). However, ‎there seemed no significant relationship between parents age, education, job, income, grade, and the ‎family psychiatric problems. Due to the high prevalence of the disorder including ADHD, and lack of enough ‎attention to their consequences in children and adolescent age group. It seems necessary to identify ‎these disorders so that they may be considered in time. Since our population is stepping to word ‎growth and development, understanding children’s problems is very worthy. Because they play an ‎important role in our society future. On the other hand, providing mental health for children and ‎teenagers half them to play better their social, mental and physical role in society.‎

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most prevalent anemia in children and pregnant women in the world. It has recently been revealed that H.pylori infection is one the most important causes of anemia. In this analytical study 100 anemic children were analyzed using total Iron, Ferritin, TIBC and H.pylori IgG assay. Data were collected using a questionnaire in which the following parameters were included: age, blood group, infancy nutrition, iron consumption, fatigue, weakness, height, weight, gastrointestinal, infection, parasitic and humoral diseases and demographic information. The most prevalent blood group detected in the studied cases was group O (62%) while only 3% of the individual showed AB group. 79% were breastfeed, 9% bottle-feed, 12% used both breast and bottle-feeding methods. 37% of the children consumed iron during breastfeeding. A significant relationship was observed for the iron level in serum, ferritin, level of TIBC and elevated level of IgG titer to H.pylori. The results of this study indicated that the significant relationship between the iron level, IgG titer and h.pylori infection rate could be referred to as an important factor influencing the anemia rate so that H.pylori IgG test could be checked for anemia together with the other routine tests

Taoxoplasma gondii is an important food-borne parasite transmitted primarily from animals to humans through meat consumption, mainly pork and lamb, as well as through oocysts shed by cats. Infection in humans can cause severe fetal malformations, ocular complications or encephalitis. Toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy, especially in sheep, often results in abortion, representing considerable economic loss.The aim of this study was to investigate whether Toxoplasma gondii surface antigens can protect experimental mice against T. gondii infection. To immunize experiments, we evaluated a virulent strain (RH) for challenge experiments.Surface antigens recovered from tachyzoites in RPMI-1640 culture with MEGA-10. Groups of 17 male mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) & intrapdermal(i.d) immunized with 2 doses at 10 day intervals. Blood samples were collected from tail veins 21 days after last immunization. Antibody was detected using IFAT. 21 days after the last immunization, both groups were challenged (i.p.) with 2 × 103 RH strain tachyzoites. The results showed an increase of antibody levels after each immunization.Finding showed that immunized mice had longer survival than mice from the control group. Adjuvants play an important role in the efficacy of immunizations.However,suggested that with use of other adjuvants(ISCOM)and surface proteins(P30) for better stimulating the humoral and cellular immune responses.

The effect of the wild SKEO on activities and genes expression of hepatic glucokinase (GK), glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in normal and diabetic rats was evaluated. The wild SKEO was orally administered at dose (100 mg/kg per day) to normal, as well as diabetic rats for 21 days. The levels of mRNA were determined using the quantitative real- time RT-PCR technique. The plasma glucose concentrations of diabetic rats receiving the wild SKEO compared with diabetic control were significantly decreased. Hepatic GK and GP activities and their mRNA levels of diabetic rats treated with the wild SKEO moderately increased compared with diabetic control.. The activity of hepatic PEPCK and its mRNA levels were significantly decreased in normal rats treated the wild SKEO. The enhancement of PEPCK activity and its mRNA levels of diabetic treated rats with was significantly decreased compared with diabetic control (P<0.05). Our results indicate that a moderate enhancement of GP and GK as well as an excessive inhibition of PEPCK in liver of STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with the wild SKEO may contribute to the plasma glucose lowering action of SKEO that seems to be in relation with antioxidant properties of SKEO.

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an endogenous phenomenon that can induce ischemic tolerance (IT) in variety of organs such as brain. In this study, we examined the intermittent and prolonged dose of normobaric hyperoxia (HO) on neurologic deficit scores, infarct volume, and catalase activity. The rats were divided to four main groups. First two main groups were exposed with HO in prolonged (24h PrHO) and intermittent (4h×6days InHO) groups and second two main group acted as controls, and were exposed to 21% oxygen in the same chamber (room air, RA) continuously (24h PrRA) and discontinuously (4h×6days InRA). Each group subdivided to three subgroups. After 24 h, first subgroup were subjected to 60 minutes MCAO followed by 24h of reperfusion. Then, IT induced by InHO and PrHO were measured by neurologic deficit scores and infarct volume. Second and third subgroups were called sham-operated and intact subgroups for assessment of the effect of HO on catalase activity. Our findings indicate that InHO and PrHO are involved in the induction of IT. Pretreatment with InHO and PrHO reduced neurologic deficit scores and infarct volume significantly. InHO and PrHO increase catalase activity significantly. The catalase activity of prolonged HO groups significantly was more than that of intermittent HO groups. Although further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms of ischemic tolerance, InHO and PrHO seem to partly exert their effects via increase catalase activity.

The virtual rise of blood pressure resulted from stress, that is observed in subjects that are tested in medical centers, can be oftenly corrected by holter. This phenomenon causes such persons not to response to the common anti blood pressure treatments (2). This descriptive study was conducted 2006-2007 at the heart clinic of Shohadaye–Ashayer hospital in Khorramabad during 2006-2007 to investigate the rate of stress induced H. T. N Coming to the clinics. The cases (N=200) were measured for their blood pressure with the standardized mercury devices. If the rate of their blood pressure was high, normal or mild to moderate HTN, they were measured at home with the Interface I. F 250 model of Holter monitoring for 24 hours. Then, using the t-test and SPSS, the rate of blood pressure in the both methods were compared and analyzed. The comparison of blood pressure at the clinic and the 24-hours blood pressure measurement with the Holter monitoring showed that 35% of those who fell into two groups of mild and moderate hypertension at the clinic had a normal blood pressure, 70 subjects were suffering from high blood pressure, 20 cases were suffering from diabetes, 98 from hyperlipidemia while 76 patients were smokers, also 130 of them had familial hypertensive records. The statistical t-test demonstrated a significant difference between the average rate of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the clinic and the 24-hour monitoring of blood pressure with the Holter (P<0. 001). In this study, the comparison of blood pressure valve at the clinic and the value of blood pressure during 24 hours using monitoring showed that 35% of the cases undergoing pharmacologic and non- pharmocologic treatments routinely and by the measurement of blood pressure at the clinic and / or at the doctor’s office did not need any treatment as their blood pressure were in the normal range (4, 5). Regarding the considerable difference between the blood pressure measured in the clinic and the 24-hour blood pressure at home, it is necessary to use the Holter monitoring for most of the patients suffering from the mild and/or moderate blood pressure (8).

Oleuropein (OE) is the most abundant biophenol compounds in olive leaves and its healthy effects as a strong antioxidant is well known. The oleuropein level in olives depends upon cultivated variety, climate, place, time and the method of extraction. In Lorestan province, many varieties of olive have been cultivated that the study of OE level in their leaves, as whilst sources of this material, is of great value. In this work, the leaves of 13 varieties of cultivated olive in a research station in Khorramabad were collected. OE and related compounds were extracted in two 30 min successive stages in an ultrasonic bath using 30: 70 water/ethanol as solvent. For quantitative determination of OE in the extracts, a HPLC method with C-8 column was used. The extraction method efficiently extracted OE from olive leaves and optimization of the HPLC method resulted in an appropriate separation and quantitation of the sample components. Study of the OE concentrations in 13 varieties of olive leaf samples indicated that the difference in OE level between olive varieties is quite significant. The minimum and maximum OE levels were observed in Kalamon variety, with 112. 9 mg/g, and Sevillana variety, with 235. 7 mg/g, respectively. Olive leave, is a cheap and wealth source of OE and according to the results of this work one can select the varieties to be used for the preparation of medicines containing high levels of this important antioxidant.

Hepatitis B virus is known as one of the most common pathogen in the world. 350 million people are chronic carrier in the world and more than 3/4 hepatitis B virus infection are in Middle East and Africa. Various statistics of this infection has been reported in Iran. Since vaccination plan of 1989 born not only in Zabol but through Iran, will be performed and there is no exact information about their hepatitis B serum markers situation, this study going to inspect the hepatitis B sero-markers situation in this age group in Zabol. In this study, 458 person from 1989 born was selected and after completing the questionnaire, blood sample collected. Blood samples detected to Hepatitis sero-markers by the Italian Dia-pro Elisa kits and results entered into computer by SPSS soft ware and analyzed by appropriate statistics testes. Results shown 221 (48.2%) are male, 237 (51.8%) female, 197 (43%) urban, 261 (58.8%) rural, 17.1% Fars, 67% Sistani and 15.9% Baluch. All in the 36 (7.7%) person HBsAb positive, 16 (3.5%) HBsAg positive, 2 (0.44%) HBcAb positive and 4(0.87%) HBeAg were positive. From all whom studied 73 (15.9%) had Hepatitis B vaccination that 32 (43.8%) were HBsAb positive. It seems 3.5% HBsAg positive rate for this group by paying attention to this point nobody was exposed to infectious risk factors HBV is a lot. 7.7% HBsAb positive rate indicates that many of them are exposed to infection, however only 43.8% vaccinated person were HBsAb positive and this means lack of quality of vaccine. Considering the mentioned cases need to expended studies.

Resistance to chloroquine (CQ) in Plasmodium falciparum malaria has become a major health concern of the developing countries.This resistance has prompted a re-examination of the pharmacology of alternative antimalarials that may be effective against resistant strains. Amodiaquine (AQ) is a 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial which is effective against many chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum. However, clinical use of AQ has been severely restricted because of associations with hepatotoxicity and agranulocytosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of replacing the 4’OH function of amodiaquine with either chlorine or fluorine. A successful four-step synthesis of a new series of 4-chloro analogues has been designed and applied to the synthesis of an array of 10 analogues. Malaria parasites were maintained in continuous culture using the method of Jensen and Trager. Cultures were grown in flasks containing human erythrocytes (2-5%) with parasitemia in the range of 1% to 10% suspended in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 25 mM HEPES and 32 mM NaHCO3, and 10% human serum (complete medium). Cultures were gassed with a mixture of 3% O2, 6% CO2 and 91% N2 and were kept in a 30 degree temperature. It is apparent that several analogues had very potent antimalarial activity against both strains of the parasite. In particular 5b, 5c and 5i were not only active in the single nanomolar range, but they also displayed little cross-resistance. Against the sensitive HB3 strain, these analogues were superior to chloroquine and slightly more potent than amodiaquine. Activity was reduced when the side-chain was large (eg. dibutyl analogue and pyridine analogues, 5g and 5j respectively). In a four - step Process, 10 different chloro - amodiaquine were synthesized which showed (in vitro) Promising effects against chloroquine resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. It is clear that the 4’chloro series has several members with higher or equivalent activity to amodiaquine (and 4(b)). In particular, given the metabolic resilience of the N-tert butyl side-chain (as seen in metabolism studies with 4b) analogue 5b looks like an excellent candidate worthy of further investigation.