فصلنامه تحقیقات اقتصادی
پیاپی 72 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1385)

The questions which will be discussed in this article are as follows; 1- Has inequality increased in the world?2- If inequality has increased in the world economy, what was the reason?3- Was it the rich countries which have a higher share in the world GDP?In order to answer the above questions, selected indices for 144 countries has been Analyzed for the 1960 -2000 period. The result of the analysis shows that world inequality has considerably increased in the 1960 - 2000 period and Gini coefficient increased from 0.861 to 0.90. Analyzing the Herfindal – Hirshman Index (HHI) and first order Shanon entropy index (T), reveals that the HHI index was constant while the T index was increasing after 1945. This result shows that the real cause of inequality was the relative increase in the share of some of the poor countries (those which had lower share of the world GDP). As the conclusion we could also mention that inequality in the amount of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in different countries was the cause of increasing inequality in the distribution of the world income. We have also found that the relation between world trade and world income inequality is not significant.

In this paper assess development indexes such as: Human development index (HDI) in rural region in two period, 1986 and 1996. To calculate this indexes, we show rate of development in rural region. compare between two-time show trends of development in decide. Most of calculated indexes show that margin rejoins worse of central region in development. The different is very mach between of margin and central in Iran. The margin region of Iran likes sestan & bluchestan and kordestan have below development. Growth of development indexes shows a duality between theirs. According to this study the average of HDI for rural regions increased through the last decade, however with regaed to the HDI between 1986 and 1996 we can conclude that rural regions of Iranian provinces suffer due to the lower human development in spite of growth in the rate of HDI ough the decade.

This paper attempts to show that a successful development process is not possible unless there is a multidisciplinary, systemic and evolutionary approach. To this end, we utilize the French régulation theory and experience of different strategies of development.The modes of régulation vary in different countries because the economies are embedded in a dense network of social and political relations and institutions. In fact, the historically and geographically variable structure of each economy gives rise to its own economic and social cycles and crises. Otherwise, the very success of development process denies the canonical opposition between state and market. But there are various forms of coordination alternatives to state and market. So, for selecting an optimal strategy of development, the interaction between economics, politics, long – term history… must be taken into account as well as the externalities and complementarily.

Banking system has a critical role in economic growth and development processes through two channels, investment financing and technological innovations. In this article through financial development indicators, it is examined that Iranian banking system does not completely perform such roles. Also, by applying institutional approach, The article explains how eliminating contractual interest rate following usury free transactions, leads to increase the banking transactions costs, and then shows that existing banking laws and regulation lacks required integrity and consistency for motivating specific forms of banking transactions (i.e. usury free transactions). In addition, the study reveals that, Iranian banking system suffers from weak governance structures, independent control system, and ruled by non-market adaptation mechanism. All these factors distort efficiency of Iranian banking system.

Economic Globalization is one of the most important challenges in many countries, specifically in the developing countries. Determination of the level of Iran’s trade integration in world economy can help to find out the situation and capabilities of Iranian economy to enter globalization process. Measuring the level of Iran’s trade integration by use of intra-industry trade (IIT) index over the period (1373-82) shows that: in one third of tariff chapters the average of IIT is zero or near to zero. This implies that the level of globalization and trade integration in Iranian economy is very low. Measuring the comparative advantages in Iran by use of Ballance’s revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index shows that; Iran has advantages in producing and exporting goods based on static (natural) comparative advantage.

The main purpose in this paper has been to analyse the day-of-the week effect on the transitory Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Doing so, the day-of-the week effect hypotheses on TSE and different Industries have been tested. Concerning Heteroskedasticity, ARCH models, especially EGARCH-M is applied to test the effects. The estimated results indicate Negative Saturday and Wednesday effect for the whole period, while Negative Tuesday effect in first period and Negative Saturday, Sunday and Monday effects in the second period. Individual Industrial indexes show the day-of-the week effects for 9 industries among the whole 15 industries; an indication of Inefficiency in TSE.

Study of money demand function, from the view of research and problem solving in macroeconomics and policymaking, has great importance. True and exact knowledge of money demand function, which effects all principle variables in economics, provides the essential fields for usage of successful economic policymaking. This article studies the money demand function in Iran, experimentally, using Johansen and Juselius method. In this research stability of money demand function for both its limited and wide definition in Iran is confirmed. According to cointegration test, real money balance variables, gross domestic product, rate of inflation, foreign exchange rate and government budget deficit have cointegrated with each other and have established a long term equilibrium relation. The sign of gross domestic product in money demand function or related long term equilibrium relation is positive and significance level above one. The inflation variable, as expected, has a negative sign. These results correspond with other experimental result in Iran and other developing countries. The black market foreign exchange rate and money demand function has reverse relationship which shows substitution effect in related literature. The government budget deficit in the money demand function has negative sign that affirms the neoclassical views in the subject. For short term dynamic research of the given long term equilibrium relation obtained from Johansen- Juselius maximum likelihood method, the methods of variance decomposition and impulse response function have been used, that the obtained results from those ways mentioned above shows rather slow speed of equilibrium.

This article, with use of theory of maximizing utility and Micro data – the plan of sampling of household income-cost in 1382- and with the help logit and probit models, the characteristics of self-employed women and their counterparts in wage and salary jobs are studied.Women account for an increasing share of the self-employed in many post-industrial economies, but Women’s decreasing share of the self-employed in Iran. This article reviews recent empirical research on self-employment among women, beginning with a comparison of women in self-employment, noting key differences between self-employed women and their counterparts in wage and salary jobs.The result is that (probability) self-employment is increased with the level of income, age and the status marriage (divorcee widow), status marriage (single) and the number of members of household. The probability of self-employment is decreased with the increasing of studies.

The emergence of liberalization and deregulation are main factors of changes in structure of gas industry. These changes affect gas industry through two channels, first formation of “new risk distribution model” in the chain of gas supply and second, diminishing of long term contract length.The importance of first factor is redistribution of profit between sellers and buyers. In other word, buyers accept LNG chain supply risk in return of new opportunity for profit dividing.The empirical test based on a sample of 45 long term contract in Asia shows that there is inverse relation between liberalization and contract duration in gas market, as the “market share” of long term contracts in liberalized markets has lost significantly.The estimation results of this study show that there is a certain convergence of the contract duration that is gradually leaded to becoming smaller of the contract length over time. Also the model estimates long and short term demand functions in oligopoly market. It will show consumers and oligopolies producers benefit from long term contracts.

In this paper, the effects of monetary policy on the Iranian economy have been studied with the use of the system of near VAR equations which is based on the methodology of unobservable components and estimated according to the seemingly unrelated regression method(SUR). The results achieved through the estimate of the parameter of the model, determined a permanent reverse relationship between inflation and unemployment that shows the effects of monetary policy on the Iranian economy in both long run and short run. This result, in a way, demonstrates the consequences of monetary policy in Iran. In this paper Hodrick-Prescott filtering method has been used to find the unobservable variables and all the estimates and analysis of data have been done with the Eviews. The determination of the Okun’s parameter on the Iranian economy is among the results achieved in this paper.

We develop a two stage consumper optimization problem to derive a system of household demand for natural gas, electricity, and other energy sources. A household first allocates its resources betweeen the energy sources and non-energy consumer goods and services, and then optimizes its uses of various energy sources. We use a locally flexible function and the Almost Ideal Demand System to estimate the demand for natural gas and electricity. The data are from the Household Budget Survey for two major Iranian cities, Tehran and Isfahan, for the period 1375-1380 (1996-2001.) The results indicate that both natural gas and electricity are price inelastic. The income elasticites also show that natural gas and electricity are necessary goods.

Among possible measures taken by some countries to safeguard against the phenomenon of globalization is leaning on regional integrations. In fact concurrent with globalization efforts the idea of regional integration has gained momentum in all continents. By utilizing their comparative advantages in different areas, the Islamic countries can ward off against the ill impacts of the globalization era and use these advantages to attract more foreign direct investments and hence achieve higher rates of economic growth.In this article an effort is made to evaluate the impact of regional integration on boosting bilateral FDI among the member countries of MENA by using The Adjusted Gravity Model for the period 1995-2000. The results indicate that regional integration among the above countries has increased the level of bilateral FDI, s among them. This fact calls for further cooperation among the MENA member countries.