فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 125 (بهار 1388)

According to many thinkers in the field of settlement studies, the meaning is a significant component playing a fundamental role in formation of desirable social environment. As a parameter, whose emphasis is mostly focused on the individual's mind rather than the apparent form of the environment, the quality of meaning in relation with the social environments could not manifest itself independently of spectator's mentality, memorabilia and culture. The above-mentioned hypothesis has been examined in this paper using different descriptive, analytical research methods, photo documentation and literature review. At the beginning, a brief description of such keywords as environment, space, place, meaning and the stability will be presented. Constituting the relationship between the meaning and the place element, through a survey on different ideas on desirable form of residential complexes, the next step in this paper will be devoted to the recognition of the role of believes and historical-theosophical rites in creating the sense of affiliation and how it raises the role of environment to the place in Hawraman-E-Takht village in Kurdistan province, Iran. This way some advantages achieved, that will also be considered.

Acceleration of urbanization in Iran is due to centralization of investments, Skills and facilities in the large cities which have resulted to face with primate city phenomenon.To control the growth of big cities and urbanization problems in the future and elimination of impact of centralization affairs, the ministry of urban and Housing Development have adapted the policy of establishment of new towns as a strategy in recent years.Today's new town create linkage with decentralization approach in mega metropolitans. This should be carried out with the policies of encouragement in decentralization direction in the main cities. New town should not function just as residential but to have the possibility of its independent identity. Construction of new towns must consider at least to have production despite of their sizes. This paper will try to explain and study the impact of new town's position on housing development.

Today the policy of destroying the informal settlements and forcing the residents to evacuate their homes and move somewhere else is considered to be undesirable and against human rights in the world. However, the optimistic view is considered to be the best solution to move toward a uniform official dwellings.Economic growth is the best mean in making the society powerful. However, it needs a complete and overall justice and fairness among the people. The aim is not to change the improvement processing, but the goal is to change the processes that lead to improvement.The best methods to initiate a new process in a society are regularization and upgrading, the in formal settlements, which make a society stronger with better quality of life.However, more research in this field to introduce new methods and techniques for poor people in these settlements to overcome their problems. Establishing new rules to solve the differences between owner and tenants in a good way.

Human can reduce the effect of disaster through awareness and of course by people's participation.This awareness and participation is called crisis management. The necessity of paying attention to the crisis management process is as an effective tool for confronting the effect of disaster by focusing on planning and time schedule in the process and related important activities in each step of crisis management process.Without doubt, rural regions of the country are subjected more vulnerable to natural disaster than urban regions. This is due to type of housing structure and activities in the rural areas, which has more hazardous and sensitive centers. Considering this problems, the rural areas of the country have not a comprehensive crisis management. Present paper seeks to find strategies that could help to crisis management of rural regions. The method of research in this study is descriptive and analytic by using the provided library materials.In conclusion, to remedy for insufficiency of the crisis management in rural areas; the strategies could be divided in two groups of factor; internal and external factors. In internal case is to create participation and training the people and in external case, having prepare all the governmental related organizations in provision of services and appropriate planning for reduction of natural disaster's impacts.

Unfortunately, every year the earthquakes in many parts of our country does struck. These events could result serious and unforgettable damages other than death. Being located in an earthquake causative strip, our country has suffered lots of damages. Nowadays, buildings built with masonary have a high percentage among other newly-erected buildings. Since the masonary buildings are the main victims of earthquake's damages, this paper will study and highlighted some noticeable points related to these damages. These points can be abstracted as follows: Performing experimental observations, considering the building's conventional behaviors in two fields; consisting the porter wall behavior as the main porter element in masonary buildings and preventing the brittle behavior of the walls by using action and middle frame by which the second detensive line is obtained, and finally, using the appropriate characteristics of compound frames in seismic loads. Finally, in Boyer Ahmad county 100 unreinforced masonary building's damageability have been assessed according to publication 376, 17 Percents of which need to be improved and 1 percent should be completely reconstructed. By knowing the weak points of each structure, it is recommended to improve and strengthening the building and then there would be a guideline available to use in building construction.

Industry has played a less creative role in the national spatial organization, regional growth and development. Instead of focusing the developmental centers, it has moved towards the industrial poles. The industrial towns in Ilam province began in Ilam city as the center of province, a kind of spatial instability was formed in the region which, by continuously building the industrial towns, aimed to move the spatial development towards the stability and balance. Industrial towns are one of the most important forms of locating the industry in the space. Comparative measurement throughout the province in two time periods made clear that the effect of industrial activities in the form of towns, showing the different economic, social and spatial influences. Therefore, using the data related to seven industrial towns and 98 active manufacturing units, the present research considers the relatively concise the questionnaire-based analysis of industrial towns in the province. With regards to the effect of industrial towns on spatial development in Ilam, the data concerning 19 economic, social and basic indices before and after the built industrial towns were compared by which the effects of industrial towns on spatial development in the province can be examined by using T- and F-statistical tests, and these 19 indices are along with the change in model of residence and building, change in communications (networks-roads), and change in the centers of economic activities. T-test was used to compare the couple and developments after building the industrial towns, selected in 19 indices. After building the industrial towns, it was significant in 18 indices in the level of 95% in reliability. It means that it has caused the improved economic, social and spatial indices in 7 cities of the province. To compare Ilam city and other six cities of the province, F-test was used in the reliability level of 95%, concluding that the difference was significant in 14 indices of all 19, causing the regional instability throughout the province between 1991-2001.

Iran's history of urbanism is well over 7000 years. However, the concept of citizenship has remained somehow static. Numerous city-dwellers, even though they are living in area geographically defined as urban, remain unaware of their rights and duties. Therefore we need to ask the question, as to what is necessary and needed to ease the process of transforming the city-dweller into an active and community involved resident aware of his rights. As for any kind of behavioral transformation, learning and practices strategies need to be develop and applied.Community based approach focus on handing power to local community. In the history of urbanism, neighborhood as an organizing principle always played an active and successful role. In this article, we stress the importance of educating the city-dwellers, and we explain the role of institutions of the community for the proper education of the city-dweller.