مجله زنان مامائی و نازائی ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1388)

Several studies confirmed oncogenic roles of viral agent in Development of breast cancer. Human papilloma viruses especially high risk types (16, 18), are demonstrated in epithelial malignancy of genital and extra genital organs. This study was done to examine the presence of high and Low risk groups of human papiloma virus (HPV) in breast cancer tissues and their correlation with histopathological characteristics. Fifty specimens of breast cancer tissues and 29 samples of non-malignant breast tissues were studied for the presence of DNA of HPV of the low risk groups(1,6) and high risk groups(16,18) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with HPV consensus primers. Papilloma virus DNA was detected in 24 (48%) samples of breast carcinoma that 26% of them harbored high-risk DNA sequences of HPV in their tumors (13 patients) and 8 patients (%16) had low risk HPV infection. Three breast cancer tissues were doubly infected by high and low risk HPV (6%). All of none malignant mammary tissues were free of HPV infection (high and Low risk). In this study, there was no correlation between the presence of DNA of HPV and prognostic factors of breast cancer such as age (P=0.448), axillary lymphadenopathy (P=0.749), histopathologic grade of tumor (P=0.946), tumor size (P=0.946) and laterality of the tumor. The presence of high and low risk DNA sequences of HPV in the breast cancer tissues was verified in this study and a probability association in the acceleration and development of breast malignancy were confirmed.

Urinary incontinence is a very common symptom that adversely affects the quality of life of millions of people over worldwide. Pubovaginal fascial sling (P.F.S) is one of the effective surgical methods in treatment of urinary stress incontinence. The aim of this study was to determine the cure rate, improvement and failure rate in patients who underwent P.F.S. within 3 years. In a descriptive-analytic study 30 patients with urinary stress incontinence who had P.F.S. surgery were studied. Results of all surgeries data were analyzed with SPSS Version 11. The Mean age was 43.9±8.4 years. Patients who sufferings from mixed urinary incontinence were 53.3% and the 46.7% had pure urinary stress incontinence. The mean follow up period was 22.3±9.4 months and 73.3 % were cured. Improvement was seen in 13.3% and in 13.3% surgery had failed. Cure rate in pure urinary stress incontinence was 100% and in mixed urinary incontinence was 50% (P=0.008). In addition, there was no significant difference between cure rate and duration of symptoms, vaginal delivery number, combination of operations, and age (P>0.05) but pelvic disorders (cystocele, rectocele) had significant correlation with cure rate (P=0.04). In our patients 83.3% were satisfied while 6.7% were partially satisfied and 10% were unsatisfied. Early complications were seen in 33.3% and late complications were seen in 26.7%. Vaginal bleeding was the most common early complication and the recurrence of urinary incontinence was the most common late complication. Pubovaginal fascial slingis an effective and safe method with long standing results in urinary stress incontinence especially in pure stress urinary incontinence.

Since premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a frequent disorder of women that interferes in their functions and different frequencies of PMS have been reported in literature and higher rates of it in college students, we decided to study its epidemiology in students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS). Methods and Material: In this descriptive study, 210 female students of MUMS filled the demographic (including age, marriage status and level and field of study) and PMS questionnaire. The results were analyzed by chi square and independent T test. One hundred and one students fulfilled the criteria of PMS (48.1%). Mean age of participants was 22.45 years. PMS were seen in 47.9% of singles and 48.8% of married students. The highest and lowest rates of PMS were seen in associate and bachelor students, respectively (66.7% and 41.4%). Also PMS was seen in laboratory sciences students most frequently. (66.9%) and 54.9% of medical students fulfilled the PMS criteria. The most frequent reported symptoms of PMS were “significant anxiety and tension” (45.7%). Sex, marital status and level of study were not correlated to symptoms of PMS significantly (P>0.05) but there were statistically significant differences of rates of PMS in different fields of study (P=0.006). PMS is prevalent among MUMS students. Lack of a national questionnaire seems to cause reports of different prevalence’s of PMS in Iran.

The rate of perinatal mortality is one of the important indexes of the health status in a society. Improvement of the health status of the neonates as a high risk group mandates us to recognize the underlying factors of perinatal mortality and implement policies to correct the present situation. Death certificate of the neonates is one of the measures to give an estimate of perinatal mortality rate in our health system.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the rate of perinatal mortality rate. This retrospective descriptive study was done by reviewing the hospital records of dead neonates. Studied population was neonates who died from 22 weeks of gestational age until one week after delivery, or neonates who died after 22 weeks of gestational age at Imam Khomeini teaching hospital in Sari/ Iran in 2007. All neonates who were referred to other hospitals or were discharged before seven days were followed. Causes of death were classified according to International Classification of Disease, 10th edition. There were 71 cases (%2/7) of perinatal mortality among all those born at Imam Khomeini teaching hospital in 2007.Autopsy was not done for determing the cause of death in our study. Neonates who had died due to maternal causes mostly were multiple gestations (%27.3) and who had died due to the problems of fetus or infant mostly was unknown causes (%28.6). The perinatal mortality rate was 27 in 1000 birth in out study period.The decrease in this rate would need further study of the causes of perinatal mortality and its preventive strategies.

More than 75% of females would have at least one episode of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC)during their life while half of these patients would be affected for the second time but less than 5% of cases evolves into recurrent or chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC or CVVC) with failure of our therapeutic interventions. One cause of recurrent VVC is hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was assessment of the correlation between RVVC and impaired glucose metabolism and other risk factors of recurrent VVC such as BMI, parity in non diabetic fertile women. This case-control study enrolled30 non diabetic women in reproductive age with recurrent VVC (study group) and 20 non diabetic women with normal vaginal examinations (control group). FBS, OGTT (blood glucose level 2 hours after 75gr glucose load) and HbAlc were measured in all cases and other risk factors were evaluated by a questionnaire.Based on the lab data 10 patients in the study group were diabetic and were excluded from the study. Case and control groups were compared by T test, Chi square and Fischer exact tests. OGTT results were impaired in 25% of patients in the study group while 0% of control group showed abnormal OGTT. (P=0.047). FBS was abnormal (ranged between 110 mgldl to 125 mg/dl) in 15% of patients in study group patients while none of women in the control group had abnormal FBS (P=0.231). HbAlc level in recurrent VVC patients was significantly higher than control group (P=0.007). BMI more than 25 was also more common in the study group compared with control group (P=0.004). The numbers of parity, gravity, the history of diets enriched with sweets were also more common in case group. (P=0.001, P=0.004). The results of the present study show that OGTT in addition to FBS is useful in the workup of patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Cancer diagnosis and its treatment can lead to sexual dysfunction in patients. Since sexual function is an important aspect of quality of life and our goal in this study was to identify correlation between sexual dysfunction and quality of life among woman affected with cancer.

In this descriptive –correlative study woman patients with cancers of uterus, cervix, ovary and breast in Tonekabon and Ramsar were enrolled.This research used convenience sampling and one hundred women with cancer participated. Rosen index (FSFI) was used to assess the sexual dysfunction and Aronson index was used to collect data of quality of life.

The findings indicated that 60% of participants had moderate sexual dysfunction and libido and sexual arousal were most commonly affected. Appropriate quality of life was seen in 53.4% of studied participants in this study. Chi-square test showed a significant correlation between sexual dysfunction and quality of life in the women patients affected with Cancer (P<0.000).

Sexual function is an important aspect of quality of life. Understanding of alterations and sexual dysfunction is a necessary and important aspect of diagnosis and treatment of women patients affected by cancer. Healthcare providers have an important role in evaluation and promotion of patient’s quality of life. Use of appropriate interventions, teaching, and counseling are strategies that are suggested in promotion of sexual health in women patients affected with cancer.

Hypertension is an important health problem in developed and developing countries. Its control and prevention is one of the most important health problems. There was not any study about blood pressure distribution in menopausal women in Iran. This study has been planned to determine the blood pressure distribution and hypertension of Arak menopausal women in 2007.

An observational study was done on a population based cross-sectional study carried out in 2007. Interviews were carried out and observations made on 458 women in Arak city, which had had a natural menopause. Women were chosen randomly by multiple clustering sampling from their postal zones. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, age at menopause, age, height, weight, the place of the birth, marriage status, income, physical activity, BMI and education levels of participants were recorded. Base on JNC-VII criteria, menopausal women with systolic pressure equal or more than 140 mmHg, diastolic pressure of 90 mmHg or more and consumption of anti-hypertension drugs had been defined as a hypertensive woman.

The mean age at menopause was 48.2 2.34 years (95% CI: 47.98- 48.41) and the mean age of enrolled women was 49 years. The prevalence of hypertension based on the JNC-VII criteria was 65.5% in our study. The mean systolic blood pressure was 138.99 17.57 mmHg (95% CI: 137.38-140.61) while the mean diastolic blood pressure was 83.3 14.26 mmHg (95% CI: 81.99- 84.61).

The prevalence of hypertension in menopausal women compared to other studies was very high in Arak. So, it seems appropriate to study further the blood pressure distribution of the menopausal women population in order to implement better screening and therapeutic measures.