Anatomical Sciences Journal
Volume:6 Issue: 3, 2008

There are some evidences to suggest that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) not only differentiate into mesodermal cells, but also adopt the fate of endodermal and ectodermal cell types. BMSCs can be a valuable cell source as an autograft for clinical application involving regeneration of the central nervous system. Bone marrow stromal cells can be expanded rapidly in vitro and can be differentiated into neuronal- and glial-like cells. In this study, we attempted to devise a protocol or protocols for the induction of BMSCs into neuroepithelial- and neuroglial-like cells. Bone marrow was extracted from the femur and tibia of adult rat, and then bone marrow stromal cells with 4 passages were proliferated and cultured and then were evaluated with fibronectin by immunocytochemistry and Oct-4 by semi quantitative RT-PCR techniques. Also in this stage expression of Nestin, NF68, GFAP and O4 antibodies respectively markers of neuroepithelial, neuron, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes cells, were assessed. Rat BMSCs were differentiated by two consequent inductors into neuroepithelial, neuronal and glial-like cells. At pre-induction stage dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), β-mercaptoethanol (βME) or biotylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) were separately and without fetal bovine serum (FBS) added to alpha minimal essential medium (α-MEM), and then at induction stage the medium was replaced by retinoic acid (RA) and 15% FBS in α-MEM. Four days later, expressions of neuronal and glial markers were assessed. In addition, expression of NeuroD and Oct-4 mRNA were assessed in these cells. More than 92% of BMSCs was fibronectin positive at passage 4. A few percent of BMSCs differentiated into neuroepithelial and neuron-like cells but no astrocyte and oligodendrocyte-like cells were detected. Oct-4 mRNA was highly expressed in these cells while NeuroD mRNA expression was not detcted. Induction of BMSCs by DMSO-RA differentiated BMSCs into neuroepithelial and neuronal-like cells significantly compare to βME-RA and BHA-RA. Transdifferentiation of the treated BMSCs into astrocytes and oligodendrocyte-like cells was less than 5 %. Induction of BMSCs by DMSO-RA resulted in expression of NeuroD mRNA but Oct-4 mRNA was not expressed in none of treatment groups. Induction of BMSCs by different inducers specially DMSO-RA could highly transdifferentiate BMSCs into neuroepithelial and neuronal-like cells, whereas glial-like cells transdifferentiation was very low.

To determine the effects of mobile phones waves on the inner layer of pyramidal cells in rabbit 18 male rabbits were selected and were randomly divided into 3 groups. These group are control group (G1) and experimental group (G2 & G3). 6 rabbits were placed in each group. The animals in experimental group were exposed to microwave (915 MHz and intensity of 3 watt) for 17 days (4 hours in G2 & 8 hours in G3 every day). After one week rest the animals were exposed to microwave for 2 weeks again. Finally following one week rest the samples of frontal lobe of cerebral cortex in all groups were taken and were processed for light and electron microscopic studies. The numbers and diameter of inner pyramidal cells nuclei (Betz) were compared using statistical methods. Qualitative (based on heterochromatin) and quantitative (based on diameter and number of pyramidal cells nuclei) studies were carried out on the micrographs using Image tool soft ware. The data have been compared using statistical methods (SPSS Kruskal Wallis Danet and P

In this investigation specific antibody type IV collagen has been used in light microscopy to study development of BMG of the embryonic and postnatal mouse glomerular mesangium. 20 female Balb/C mice were selected randomly and were kept under normal condition, finding vaginal plug was assumed as day zero of pregnancy. 12 pregnant mice were scarified by cervical dislocation in one of gestational days 13-18 and their fetuses were fixed, serially sectioned and immunohistochemistry study for tracing of collagen type IV in BMG was carried out. The same processes were used for kidneys preparation on 5, 10,15 and 20 postnatal days newborns of 2 mothers for each day. This study indicated that Collagen IV showed weak reaction on day 15 of gestation. The amount of collagen increased continuously until next days of fetal life and primary of 10 days postnatal in BMG. After this period, collagen IV reaction was not showed significant change in newborns. These data indicate that collagen IV appear just during the glomerular vasculogenesis and because of continuity with vasculature which is required for glomerular endothelial cell differentiation, type IV collagen, is the major structural protein in BMG implicated in these processes.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on testicular spermatid number per gram testis (TSN), daily sperm production (DSP), count, motility, viability, morphology, and chromatine quality of epididymal sperm. The protocol for DEHP administration was that adult male NMRI mice (the age group of 4 weeks) received 2g DEHP/100μl corn oil/kg, and vehicle group received 100μl corn oil/kg by gavage for 14 days. The control group did not receive DEHP. All the samples were assessed according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Sperm morphology was assessed using papanicula staining. Sperm chromatine quality was assessed using aniline-blue staining. Administration of DEHP induced significantly reduction of TSN, DSP and epididymal sperm count (p<0.05). The percentage of motility, viability, normal morphology, and chromosomal quality were significantly low in comparison with control group (p<0.05). These results demonstrated that DEHP administration has toxic effects on TSN, DSP, epididymal sperm parameter and finally on male reproductive system

The evaluation of L-Carnitine effect on the testis tissue of mature rats exposed to Cadmium This research was carried out on 30 mature male rats, weighting about 180-240gr. Animals were divided into five groups. The first group (control group) received nothing. The second group (distilled water, 0. 3ml)، third group (L-Carnitine, 500mg/kg Body Weight)، fourth group (Cadmium, 1mg-kg B. W) and for the fifth group (L-Carnitine 500mg/kg B. W and Cadmium 1mg/kg B. W)، were injected intraperitoneally for 16 days at an interval of 48h between subsequent treatments. Animals were sacrificed on day 17 after the first treatment. For the evaluation of the sperm count the right cauda epididymis was removed and immidiately immersede into 10ml of the HBSS. For the histological evaluation, the right testis was submerged into the 10% formaline. With immuno-histochemical (Ki-67) staining, the number of cell proliferation in the seminiferous tubes were evaluated, as well as the testicular histology evaluated by the Johnsen Score. Following contamination with Cadmium, the rats showed decrease in the number of cuda epididymis sperm، the number of cell proliferation and number of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubes. In addition L-Carnitine caused increase in the number of cuda epididymis sperm, the number of cell proliferation and number of spermatogenic cells in Cadmium induced group. Reasults demonstrated beneficial effects of L-Carnitine treatment in cadmium toxicity on number of cauda epididymis sperm and testicular tissue.

Several variations of aortic arch have been reported yet. In present study another variation of aortic arch was reported. Right subclavian artery arises from posterior surface of the distal end of the aortic arch. Case Report: we present a variation of an aorticarch in which right subclavian artery arisesfrom posterior surface of the distal end of the aortic arch and passing behind esophagus to reach right side of neck. Review of literature showed that regarding origin of the artery this variation was reported for the first time by the authors. It seems that the artery narrowed the position the esophagus. However there were not any other sign of side effect on anatomical structure and of their blood supply.