فصلنامه سیاست
سال سی و نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، تابستان 1388)

There are different approaches to the question of developments in contemporary iran. This research is an attempt to introduce communitarianism theory whilst at the same time use it to examine the history of political thought in contemporary iran. Today this theory is one of the most important approaches of post modernist era which has challenged liberalism and some tenets of modernity.Using this theory as a model, iran is a society with specific cultural and politicalcharacters, made of many communities and traditions. Each one of these traditions with its own specific mentality on the one hand tries to expand its rationality and on the other enters into dialogue, struggle, cooperation and friction with other traditions. Each tradition is trying to explain a method of socio-political life. This process will lead to emergence of a diverse socio – political institutions.

The possibility of national identity crises among the people of Iran, boosting ethnic and global identities and as a result the possibiilty of social and political challenges in the near future, have been the concerns of elite and intellectuals.This article as a case study has compared four types of ethnic, national, ummah and global identities among the citizens of Tehran.The result is that, national identity with 94.2% takes the first place and is compatible with ethnic and ummah identities in a way that the increase in any of then does not cause the decrease in the other. Finally, global identity with 69.36% is at the bottom of the list.

The Arabic word " turath" carries complex ideological connotations, the word has the sense of " heritage", "legacy" and " culture". The turath does not only imply the history of a tradition that extends to the present; it also convys the active sense of seeking to shape a political present by interpreting its identity in terms of a particular image of its past. So, this article tries to find out the different meanings of turath firstly, and the views of Islamic Liberalists such as Fatama Mernissi, Lila Ahmed, Muhamad `Abid al-Jabiri, Taha `Aba al-Rahman and Fazlur Rahman on turath secondly.

During the years after the end of the cold war and parallel to the forming a new practice for the use of force under the title of the humanitarian intervention, different theoretical endeavors have been made to understand the formation of the mentioned interventions. The theoreticians, using constructivism, cosmopolitanism, English School and realism theories, have tried to explain the said phenomena. In the present article it is tried to, brief reviewing the background of these interventions, examine the different theoretical definitions and approaches of the formation reasons of them from the two realistic theoretical and emprical views.Theoretically it is considered that what the adaptation level of the humanitarian interventions, as the use of force for materializing the humanitarian ends, with the realistic understanding of the international system is. Empirically it is considered that what the role level of the national interests of the intervening governments in the interventions done by them is, and at what rate the governments have been bound to implement the humanitarian intervention under the influence of some factors except the national interests in its realistic definition.

Attainment to Economic and Social growth and development in eny country requirement to secure Financial resources for Infrastruture and fandamental plans. For this reason, Most of economic development model, blive key role for that to countrie's development. Those countries don,t enjoy sufficient capital Inside, will resort to foreign Investment. foreign Investment by a difination is " transfer of funds and material from one country to other country for utilize to establish economic corporation in latter country In lieu of direct or Indirect participation In returning and revenue ". In a general division, Foreign Investment classify in two category:1. Foreign Indirect Investment (F.P.I.). 2. Foreign direct Investment (F.D.I.).F.D.I. refers to the setting up of an overseas operation (green field investment) or the acquisition of an existing enterprise Located within another economy.In related to Cases of Foreign Direct Investment and Making In Vestment decisions In overseas, appears Various the ories since 1960.This article attempt to Survey this theories and their Explanatory Power. To this resean this article Classifies Foreign Direct Investment Literature in Five Category; Theories assuming Perfect Market, Theories assuming Imperfect markets, Variability of the exchange rate, Strategic approach.

The two concepts of globalization and Empire are going to locate among the recent controversial concepts of IR. This article contains definitions, backgrounds, theoretical contexts, probable consequences and relationship between these two concepts. The article argues that globalization and empire are two separate but overlapping concepts.

Though in close relation to socio _ political parties and factions, the publication and function of different official organs can be regarded as one of the major issues of contemporary Iran which has not received due Attention.The publication of such organs, which dates back to Iran `s constitutional revolution, has had a number of functions quite distinguishable from those of mainstream journalism in the country.Knowledge of the functions of such publications can efficiently enhance our understanding of current sociopolitical changes and trends in contemporary Iran.This book, after close consideration of the emergence of "organ publication" both in Iran and abroad attempts to present a survey of the functions of such publication with regard to three major spheres of activity, namely the sphere of critical thinking, socio_ political issues, and political parties.

Economics is one of the most Important Factors in the Transatlantic Relations.The Economics of Europe & America is the Original Core of the World Economic. In This Field, two sides of the Atlantic are the most Combined Regions of the World.Therefore Cooperation for Continuing this System has Benefits for them.Both sides are the Main Trade Partners for each other.Economic Relations after the End of the Cold War Specially post September 11th Until Now has Experienced Both Cooperation & Conflict.This Paper has tried to Show the Need of Transatlantic Cooperation in spite of existing Conflict,on the basis of Theory analysis and Referring to the Recent Economic Crisis.

The article includes two discourses: first discourse, discusses about modernity and two of its main foundations; rationalism and humanism, and then explanes their impacts on the formation of the modern world, society and human being. Second discourse, considers the postmodern critical approach to modernity and its principles. Postmodernism, totally rejects the modern reason and deconstructs all aspects of intellectual and rational legacy of the Enlightenment tradition and modernity. Finally, the author of the article concludes: negation of modern rationality as an instrument of total domination over contemporary and late modern society by postmodernism, denies the dichotomous quality of modern reason and refuses the emancipatory feature of the cultural and communicative reason, and as a results, leads to conservatism and nihilism.

Minority groups; including ethnicities, religious communities, and racial groups have been subjected state policies and strategies as a result of the extending and diversifying the modern nation-states. To study the State, as the most important body of formulating these policies is the first step toward the study of the minority question. On the other hand, minorities are not "passive social entities" and can share in shaping the official policies, improving view point of political elites toward minorities and even affecting minority politics. During the 1953-1979, in Iran "Minority Politics" has been changed dramatically. At this time, three different trends have met: Secularism of the State resulting in applying more limitations for religious tendencies and then activation of Bahaism in various fields of the society like economy, education, cultural issues, etc, Centralization of Power, which was an effort conducted by the court to marginalize the antagonist tendencies like Leftists and religious organizations and finally Minority Behavior have shaped the official policies toward Bahaism. As a conclusion, the interaction of Bahaism and Pahlavi regime followed a "compromise and consent paradigm" which was a new in sort.

After Second World War, demand for oil increased and in 1970s reached to its maximum growth. And naturally, providing this level of demand depended on much more import from OPEC, especially from Middle Eastern members. Contemporaneous, in the early 1970s, some OPEC governments stopped granting new concessions and starting to claim equity participation in the existing concessions, with a few of them opting for full nationalization. These two processes led to the introduction of new powerful actor to global oil market.But, as the further events showed, OPEC's dominance had a short life and because of some reasons, chiefly as a result of OPEC's behavior after second oil shock (1979), this period shortly finished. In the mid 1980s, it's pronounced that the OPEC's formal prices catch to trouble. Under these pressures, the demand for OPEC oil declined from yearly average 30 million barrels per day (mb/d) in 1979 to yearly average 16 million mb/d in 1985. With this continued decline in demand for its oil, OPEC saw its oil market share in the world's oil production fall from 52% in 1973 to less than 30% in 1985. In 1986, when OPEC tried to increase its oil exports, to reach to its previous market share, the shock occurred and prices fall downed from 29 $ per barrels to less than 10 $. In fact, after oil crises in 1986, OPEC's pricing system collapsed and replaced with a pricing system on the base of market mechanism. So, the role and position of OPEC weakened in global oil market in the mid of 1980s.In this article, with studding OPEC's behavior between first and third oil shocks (1973-1989), we try to analyze the effect of OPEC's policies on the weakness of its role in the global oil market.

This essay intends to show critical abilities of M. Foucault's thought. It purposes that assertion to structural and relativistic narratives of foucault's thought, and interpration of it on Heidegger, prevents to see critical aspects and critical thought project of Foucault. The essay argues that in regard to critical thought, and out of limits of previous critical theory, Foucault, without going to post – critical trends, has a unic position. His innovations in criticiam, power, and his attention in recent period to subject and enlightenment, has valuable achievements to critical thought, so that they has influenced various argumonts of such thinkers as jilles deleuze, jiorgio agamben and Antonio Negri.

Theories related to the political development- at first rather as the renovation-with the termination of the second world war and the release of the Third World countries from the colonialism were largely propounded in the political studies and after a long change process in the new period, the literature and the political development concept have been reduced to " democracy". This kind of change has been together with democracy growing process in developed countries and also with the emerging debates about democracy in developing countries.As well, in Iran during the recent 100 years, numerous thought movements have been appeared in this context and spread campaigns have been performed.Besides the expression the political development concept,this present research tries,through a pathological view, to study it in Iran especially after the 1357 revolution. In this regard and in the light of the paper's main question, it tries to consider and analyze the thought content of reforms in the framework of political development slogan and its achievement process, reformists success scale in theorizing and implementing their slogans after the Khordad 1376, and basically the relationship and the way of connection existing between these categories and the governing political-legal system.

Raising the concept of ‘Tyrany of the Majority’ by Federalists, Alexi de Tocqueville and John Stuart Mill in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, they revealed a new form of tyrany which was uniqe for those who had experienced despotic regimes. With the critique of democracy baised on majority vote, the question of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, along with their rights and fundamental freedoms, were raised seriously. Confronting such important challenge, liberal democracy on the basis of neutrality, equality of opportunity and Positive discremination, made attempts to help democracy for its failure and shortcoming. Therefore it is underestandable that minorities in the light of theories of liberal democracy have been able to enjoy more capabalities and capacities towards achieving their rights and liberties.

In this research I have pointed out the various aspects of the relationships between sport and politics and at the end I have suggested some ideas for improving the sports in iran. on the basis of this research, the relationships between sport and politics is a bilateral relation, because from one hand the politics impacts on sport by making and implementing sports` strategy and on the other hand, the sport impacts on politics by strengthening the human values, national unity and increasing political participation, and of course, especially when international sports is implementing, it is misused by the world powers.

War and conflicts within and among third world countries and between them and western countries, despite the end of the cold war, continues to produce fear and threat, violence, insecurity and instability. They are some of the most important causes of pain and misery of peoples, together with immense human, social, economic and developmental costs, with vast and durable consequences, in deepest levels of societies, families, and individuals. The main problem in this article is the relationship between war and underdevelopment. It seems that the climate of war and conflict and tension, wastes all resources of third world countries and impedes them from becoming developed, and makes their underdevelopment, with signs of poverty, unemployment, inflation, marginalization, authoritarianism, and dependency, worse.

This is a comparative study of the two victorious revolutions of the Constitutional Iran and the Independence of the USA that lead to the all compassing internal motives of the two oppressed nations to fight against the despotism and oppression and to collapse the ruling political, economic and social order. It is true that the symbols and causes for revolutions are plenty, but this would not prevent from giving a pattern, in which the study of this role in the revolutions would be simplified. As existing despotism and oppression, government's inability to severe and complete depression of revolutionaries, as well as expansion of ideas, such as liberty among them have a fundamental role in providing the necessary and enough objective and subjective grounds for the revolutions, the role played by the rival great powers who were determined to compensate their already losses are influential too. In both these cases, Britain helped the Iranian clergies, merchants and intellectuals to draw Iran peacefully out of its rival (Russian) sphere of influence and France helped the American patriots to change their demand of liberty to a more sustainable one of independence from Britain.

The purpose of this article is to focus on an important issue in the field of public policy, i.e.: the role of consultants in the process of public policy and decision making. In this article, it is historically shown that this role was confirmed and applied in ancient civilizations such as Iranian, Greek and Islamic civilizations. The systematic role of consultants is, then, emphasized in modern states like France and the U.S.A. The case of I.R. of Iran is taken under consideration from two points of view: firstly, an overall observation in order to provide a typology of consultants in this country; secondly, a clinical observation, by taking an institution as case, to see how manger, in one side, and consultants, in other side, see the characteristics, the importance and the place of this function in their organizational life.

State as most affecting organization in politics, effects on different sphere in social life. In development discussion and its strategies, we must attention to these subjects: How can state effects on development? What is its role in this respect? Some researches have historical attributions and study the role of state in development countries in past. Other researchers, study the role of state in developing societies. In this respect, is proposed “Good governance”. In this paper, we examine the Kohli’s theory in his book: state directed development. On this base, we describe the positive and negative aspects of his work.