فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 7 (زمستان 1386)

In Islamic period Saljukids were the first government who expanded Their territory on west as Sassanid’s. That great power by saljukids, caused them an honow like sasanids kings. They used pre Islamic titles and they thought they kad cod given authority so everyone had to oblige king. Political scholars in saljukid period like Mavaraghi and Ghazali speak of the importance of caliphe and king’s alliance to union of religion and government and Ghazali express this government all roach which was under the in flounce of ancient Iran political thoughts. Nizam _al_Molk saljukids great Vazir in his book political book. (siasat nameh) compares saljukids King’s honour with ancient kings. He also tried to made saljukid king to pay attention to Persian kings way of governing to speak about his causes to write that book he mentioned that acquaint of ancestors tradition is very important. One of the most important charcteristc of Nizamal Molk political thought is his atteantion to governing approach in pre Islamic period. For that influence of some Sassanid writings like tenser letterand ardashir babakan advice letter (book) on siasat nameh need more attention and move study. Study on mutual points among siasat nameh and ancient writings shows that Nizam al_Molk to solve the social _political and faith problems in his society tacky model of the Sassanid's fine examples.

Enlightenment, intellectualism and social criticism are related notions. However, every intellectual might not be, indeed, a social critic. What this attempts to discuss is the analysis, engagement and animosity of Talebof, as a socio- political thinker, of ideas, belirfs and state of affairs of his time. Talebof's works and a hermeneutic approach have been used in this analysis.

The rural movement of Gilan has been calculated as an important subject that in keeping of Iran Constitution and decline of lesser Despotism had played very important role. The historical studies showed that almost rural movements in Gilan had occurred in opposite of rulers who were dispatched by central government. And they didn’t consider to local specialties. This research try to show that the movement had enjoyed a social origin and the internal effective facts of it are such as; geographic environment, social psychology, historical bases, modernization change, and the new religious and political societies.

Naseraldin shah came to throne in his adoleseence, this background plus other factors such as emotional defects and embarrassment and detachment in chilshood and adolescence, caused ham to depend on a strong and father like figure. Mriza taghi khan was such a person who like a father filled all the vacancies for the young king and taught him all the necessary lessons in independence of thought and behavior. Amir follwed his national reforms but voluntarily or invo luntarily threw himself and Iran in the trup of his self-tavght trainee, He was quitted, and then murdered and tens of years later, he left an independent of course dictate and conewrvative toward foreign policy. This psychological analysis studies the developmental process of the rela tionship between the king and Amir which represents thir mutual need in the advance ment of their desires and apart from kingdom and vizaret relations, includes father.

When Qajar came in power; Iran-west relationship increased; and penetration of enlightened sense after Safavid and Shiit scholars political thought had considerable changing.Because of prevented from influence of Traditionalist; Sheikhid; sufism and defensive of country against the invade of strangers and obtain constitution that Qajar Kings wants that; between the shii Methodical scholars and primary Kings of Qajar creat a considerable cooperation. In FathAlishah's period, coordination and close relationship cluminated between scholars and the King.After confirm the power, to gain politic – religious legal and acceptability; King tried to proceed friendship cooperation with scholars. The important stimulus things that cause unanimity and cooperation between scholars and The King were: FathAliShah's interest to religious affairs and rites and legal necessity to Qjar dynasty, Iran- Russia's long war, lasting dispute between scholars and Sufism- Traditionalist - and Christion Missionary. Mirza- Qomi who entitled Mohaghegh Qomi and auther of Al-Ghavanin was one of the Qajar primitive scholars, Agha Mohammad Khan and his successor FathAli Shah honour and pay attention to Mirza Qomi; so Mirza Qomi send them several letters and asking for Justic institution; We try to reveiw and analysis those letters and Mirza's acction about Iran-Russia's war and his Jihad pronounce, his contacting with Colonization phenomenon, christian Missionary, Traditionalist, Sheikhid and another subject.

In moral and religious codes of Ancient Iran. The political legitimacy of the king is proved when has the Qualifications meant by these. Of course, some of these qualifications are inborn and some others are acquired. The currency of moral and religious codes in Ancient Iran and its reflection in cultural beliefs of the society, demands some expectations from the political ruler which is more than of a usual ruler, in a degree that they only could be embodied in an Ideal king the qualifications of the ideal king is reflected in the religious and mythical texts. This Article is based on the knowing, importance, description, and analysis of those qualifications.

Turkmans were a group of dispersed who reached to Northeastern Iran after 5th cemtury. In the general course. Of Iran's history they were a part of political rule, but at the time of central government. Weakness rebellion was their general feature. In 13th century the central government in Iran which was in Qajar's hand appeared powerless in confronting with them. At this time the advancement of Russians in central Asia resulted in the attachment of someparts of Turkman regions to Russia. The ethnic and tribal structure and the natural geography of the region, beside the defensive menthods of Turkmans, cavsed some rfoubles for Russians to take control over this region and posited their forces in this region with difficulty.This artide studies the defensive menthods of Turknams and the reasons of the failure of their last resistance against Russians.

The city of Darab which was called "Darabgerd" or "Darabjerd" in the past, is one ot the oldest cities in Iran. Based an archeological discoveries, the bacgroung of civilization in this area reaehes to the fifth and sixth centurtes Bc. The same as Nokhody pottery age and sialk in kashan, and shahdad hill in kerman. According to mythical history up Iran, the constructing of this city is ascribed to Darab the 8th king of kianid dynasty in Iran, who is named "Darius the great" in pahlavid and Islamic literature. In Acamanid era, this city was the most developed city in eastern pars. In the age of Ashkanids, it had a semi- independent government which its rulers obeyed the kings of pars. Darabgard acquired special importance in early erd century as the base and capital of the founder of sassanid dynasty. After thcet, this city has been continually in the possession of sassanid princes and courtiers.The loig coining house of Durabgerd has been active until centuries ofter sassanid fall. The city of Darabgerd came under the control of Arab generals in 23 A.H.