نشریه اندیشه مدیریت راهبردی
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار و تابستان 1388)

This article first introduces BSC with a practical approach while defining itsspecific potential for executing and assessing policies in governmentalorganizations. It then discusses its various stages and effects in one of thecultural organizations by relying on case study and eclectic methods.

Examining the environment and institutional factors is one of the strongest views about studying the social circumstances leading to innovation. This can open up a new way to recognizing technological innovation and most of existing hurdles. For this reason, we have divided the effective institutions on the innovative system of military industries and by utilizing expertsviews, we have compared some instances of these institutions in the past and present. They consist of: cognitive institutions that relate to ideologicalvalues and principles, mental habits and schemes; behavioral institutions that express social habits and fixed behavioral procedures; cooperative institutions that direct intra/ inter- organizational standards; legal institutions which involve laws and regulations; and finally constitutional institutions which act as references and large scale regulations dominating the innovative system. Therefore, according to the institutional view, whenshifting to the future military industries (small nucleus – big network), the pertinent context in the above- mentioned sections needs to be developed next to the technical dimensions of innovation.

The survival of organizations in today's competitive world necessitates a competitive advantage. Strategic management's theorists have declared two main approaches for obtaining competitive advantage, one dealing with environmental opportunities, and the other with organization's internal capacity. Researches of the last two decades have shown that the latter are doing better than the former in determining competitive status of organizations and make a more dependable basis for competitive advantage,hence the approach selected for analysis in this research is the one which is based on resources. Resource-based theory's proponents offer an underlying economic structurefor the study of the role of internal resources for obtaining competitive advantage.This outlook focuses on those resources which can act as the origin ofcompetitive advantage in that special industry. The research examinesSaran's resource's situation in order to recognize its distinguished capacityand its role in creating sustained competitive advantage.

One of the most important and essential matters and duties of Islamic government is to select and appoint directors in different executive and administrative levels because the most important factor in the continuance of a regime is wisdom and competence of its managers. With educated and meritorious managers at the head of organizations, the quality of their activities would be increased. Because competent managers are the main part in economical, social and cultural developments, selection and appointmentof people at different levels of organizations should be based on some criteria so that the most suitable persons are chosen and do organizational duties.This project has tried to make clear the meaning of merit, and study the criteria of selecting and appointing competent managers based on the eloquent words of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in Nahjolbalagheh by using content analysis methods. These criteria include ideological criteria, groundwork criteria and specialized criteria which are originated from Islamic world view.

Conflict is an undeniable reality in human life. Therefore it must be managed in an appropriate way. There are various attitudes to conflict that are to be studied and compared with the Islamic view in this article. The theories of management are divided into three groups depending on positive or negative attitudes towards conflict. The first group of theories emphasizes the negative aspects of conflict and believes that conflict must be limited and we can avoid it. The second group of theories believes there isno way to avoid conflicts and management must have a challenge with it.Furthermore they believe that some conflicts can be positive in specific conditions. The third group of theories insists on positive aspects of conflicts and believes that we cannot avoid conflicts but they can put the organization in a new way of development. The Islamic ideology has a balanced attitude towards conflicts. It introduces levels of conflicts that are negative because they have destructive effects and emphasize the prevention and dissolution of them. On the other hand it agrees with creating levels of positive conflicts such as challenging thoughts, sound competitions, constructive criticism andbest contention.

Service quality is today one of the most important managerial features of service organizations, and the first strategy of organizations worldwide is to give priority to customers. This research has as its purpose the quality assessment of the services in state hospitals affiliated to Isfahan Medical University. To do this, a number of 336 patients confined to bed for more than 24 hours in those hospitals were randomly selected. The data were collected through questionnaires following servqual (a contraction of servicequality) model which is considered to be among advanced models in measuring quality in governmental sector services. This model tries to measure service quality wherever it is considered as a necessity for better understanding of customers and their expectations. The data were analyzed at descriptive and inferential levels by using SPSS software. The result showed that 82.4% of patients were quite satisfied with hospital services.There was also a meaningful link between service quality and patient's satisfaction (r =-642% for palpability, r =-764% for executive ability, r =-734% for confidence, r =-732% for compassion). Regression analysis results showed that executive ability and palpability could meaningfully foresee 14.7% of hospital's service quality and aspects of service qualitycould be ranged in order of importance as follows: palpability (3.32), compassion (3.22), confidence (3.02), executive ability (2.85), and accountability(2.85). It was also recognized that ICU patients and illiterate patients reported less on the executive quality and accountability respectively.

Organizations are now facing a lot of challenges such as maintaining quality despite depletion of resources, improved financial management, obtaining further research back up, expansion of new skills, fixing clear objectives, assisting members in confronting increasing work pressure, keeping motivation and morale, initiative in training and research and excessive increase of information. The purpose of this article is to help academicexecutives promise a brighter future (that looks gloomy nowadays), since the leaders are bound to invigorate their staff so they could cope with challenges more enthusiastically. The most remarkable merit an organization could have in a competitive world which is in need of resources, is team leadership. This kind of leadership is a process for progressing expertise and individual growth and it can change organizational environment for the sakeof all the mentioned conformities with resource depletion, global competition, flexible supply and expansive demands of the founders who seek more efficiency. For this reason, this article studies team leadership in state universities of Isfahan after a review of team leadership theory.